{"meta":{"verified_at":"2026-08-10","version":"1.1.0","source":"https://www.praxikon.com/nl/enforcement","stats":{"totalEvents":88,"aiActEvents":79,"totalFinesEur":138200000,"countriesWithDesignatedMsa":11,"countriesTotal":27},"rulings":{"register_id":"praxikon:sys:registry:register:rulings","register_started_at":"2026-08-13","source":"https://www.praxikon.com/nl/rechtspraak","stats":{"total":7,"aiAct":0,"relatedGdpr":7,"obligationsTouched":4,"byRelation":{"interprets":0,"narrows":0,"broadens":0,"confirms":0,"contradicts":0,"illustrates":8}},"ai_act_case_law_note":"No case law or supervisory decision under the AI Act itself has been recorded. The enforcement powers for GPAI and Article 50 became active on 2 August 2026; nothing decided under the Regulation could be checked against a primary source on the verification date of this register. The entries with basis related_gdpr are decisions under the GDPR about AI practices and are context, not AI Act case law: they carry the relation illustrates and never interpret, narrow, broaden, confirm or contradict a provision of the Regulation.","axes":"A ruling does not move the text of a provision. The provision keeps its effective_at; what moves is recorded_at on the ruling, the moment we recorded what we know it means. Pin known_at here and pin effective_at and known_at on /api/v1/entities to reconstruct both halves of a past state."},"filters":{"country":null,"type":null,"known_at":null,"obligation":null},"unrecognised_filters":[],"empty_result_note":null},"countries":[{"country_code":"AT","country_name_nl":"Oostenrijk","country_name_en":"Austria","msa_status":"pending","msa_name":"","msa_name_en":"","single_point_of_contact":"","implementing_law_status":"none_known","note_nl":"Oostenrijk heeft de deadline van 2 augustus 2025 (art. 70) gemist: er is nog geen markttoezichthouder en geen notificerende autoriteit aangewezen, zoals de KI-Servicestelle van regulator RTR zelf bevestigt. Een nationale uitvoeringswet is nog niet gepubliceerd; ook een regeringsontwerp of consultatie is niet bekend. De KI-Servicestelle bij de RTR fungeert als informatie- en adviespunt zonder sanctiebevoegdheden. In het parlement klonk eind juli 2026 kritiek dat daardoor onder meer de transparantieregels van artikel 50 geen aangewezen handhaver hebben. Boetes of onderzoeken onder de AI Act zijn in Oostenrijk niet bekend.","note_en":"Austria missed the 2 August 2025 deadline (Art. 70): no market surveillance authority and no notifying authority have been designated, as regulator RTR's own AI Service Desk confirms. No national implementing act has been published, and no government draft or consultation is known. The AI Service Desk at RTR acts as an information and advisory hub without sanctioning powers. In late July 2026 parliamentary criticism noted that, as a result, the Article 50 transparency rules have no designated enforcer. No AI Act fines or investigations are known in Austria.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/faq/FAQ.en.html","name":"RTR KI-Servicestelle FAQ (geen aangewezen autoriteiten)"},{"url":"https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20260730_OTS0093/gruenezorba-regierung-verschlaeft-bei-ki-aufsicht-noch-ein-jahr","name":"OTS parlementaire kritiek op ontbrekende KI-Aufsicht (30-07-2026)"}]},{"country_code":"BE","country_name_nl":"Belgie","country_name_en":"Belgium","msa_status":"pending","msa_name":"Belgisch Instituut voor Postdiensten en Telecommunicatie (BIPT), beoogd maar nog niet formeel aangewezen","msa_name_en":"Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT), intended but not yet formally designated","single_point_of_contact":"Nog niet aangewezen; FOD Economie coordineert de implementatie, BIPT is beoogd als centrale toezichthouder","single_point_of_contact_en":"Not yet designated; FPS Economy coordinates implementation and BIPT is the intended authority for the AI Act.","implementing_law_status":"draft","note_nl":"Belgie heeft de deadline van 2 augustus 2025 gemist en had eind juli 2026 nog steeds geen formeel aangewezen markttoezichtautoriteit. Het federale regeerakkoord van begin 2025 voorziet centrale coordinatie door het BIPT ter ondersteuning van sectorale toezichthouders; de FOD Economie coordineert de uitrol en bereidt wetgeving voor die nog door het parlement moet. Tot die tijd kunnen rechten uit de AI Act in Belgie alleen via de rechter worden afgedwongen. Extra complicatie: onduidelijk is wie toeziet op AI in onderwijs en arbeidsbemiddeling (regionale bevoegdheden).","note_en":"Belgium missed the 2 August 2025 deadline and as of late July 2026 still had no formally designated market surveillance authority. The federal coalition agreement of early 2025 foresees central coordination by BIPT supporting sectoral supervisors; the FPS Economy coordinates the rollout and is preparing legislation that still needs parliamentary approval. Until then, AI Act rights in Belgium can only be enforced through the courts. An extra complication is that it is unclear who supervises AI in education and employment services (regional competences).","sources":[{"url":"https://economie.fgov.be/fr/themes/entreprises/ai-act","name":"FOD Economie / SPF Economie"},{"url":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2026/07/29/geen-toezichthouder-wel-al-strengere-regels-hoe-ver-staat-belg/","name":"VRT NWS"},{"url":"https://www.senate.be/www/?MIval=Vragen%2FSchriftelijkeVraag&LEG=8&NR=19&LANG=fr","name":"Belgische Senaat, schriftelijke vraag 8-19"},{"url":"https://data-en-maatschappij.ai/uploads/Nieuws-downloads/Policy-brief-Implementing-the-AI-act-in-Belgium.pdf","name":"Kenniscentrum Data & Maatschappij"}]},{"country_code":"BG","country_name_nl":"Bulgarije","country_name_en":"Bulgaria","msa_status":"pending","msa_name":"","msa_name_en":"","single_point_of_contact":"","implementing_law_status":"draft","note_nl":"Bulgarije loopt duidelijk achter. Het Ministerie van Elektronisch Bestuur bevestigde in januari 2026 via persbureau BTA dat er nog geen besluiten zijn over het coördinatiemodel, de markttoezichtautoriteiten, het sanctieregime of een nationaal AI-register; de nationale kaderregeling werd op zijn vroegst in de loop van 2026 verwacht. Alleen zeven grondrechtenautoriteiten zijn formeel aangewezen (besluit 398 van de ministerraad, juni 2025) en een conceptbesluit om de Bulgaarse accreditatiedienst als notificerende autoriteit aan te wijzen lag begin 2026 nog niet bij de ministerraad. Een geverifieerde aanwijzing van de MSA of aangenomen uitvoeringswet is tot 10 augustus 2026 niet gevonden.","note_en":"Bulgaria is clearly lagging behind. In January 2026 the Ministry of Electronic Governance confirmed via the state news agency BTA that no decisions had been taken on the coordination model, the market surveillance authorities, the sanctioning regime or a national AI register; the national framework was expected in the course of 2026 at the earliest. Only seven fundamental rights authorities have been formally designated (Council of Ministers Decision 398, June 2025), and a draft decision to designate the Bulgarian Accreditation Service as notifying authority had not yet been submitted to the Council of Ministers in early 2026. No verified MSA designation or adopted implementing law was found as of 10 August 2026.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.bta.bg/en/news/economy/1040178-bulgaria-still-lacks-oversight-of-high-risk-ai-systems-sanctions-under-ai-act-r","name":"BTA: Bulgaria still lacks oversight of high-risk AI systems"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute: AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"CY","country_name_nl":"Cyprus","country_name_en":"Cyprus","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Επίτροπος Επικοινωνιών (Commissioner of Communications, OCECPR)","msa_name_en":"Commissioner of Communications of the Republic of Cyprus (OCECPR)","single_point_of_contact":"Commissioner of Communications (OCECPR)","implementing_law_status":"none_known","note_nl":"Cyprus koos een gecentraliseerd model: de Commissioner of Communications (OCECPR) is notificerende autoriteit, markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact, zoals bevestigd op de officiële AI Act Service Desk van de Europese Commissie. Volgens juridische naslagwerken treedt de Commissioner for Personal Data Protection op als markttoezichtautoriteit voor bepaalde hoog-risicosystemen met biometrie en gevoelige data en coördineert het Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy de nationale uitvoering. Een precieze datum van het aanwijzingsbesluit en een nationale uitvoerings- of sanctiewet zijn niet betrouwbaar teruggevonden; daarom zijn geen gedateerde events opgenomen. Geen boete of formeel onderzoek bekend.","note_en":"Cyprus chose a centralised model: the Commissioner of Communications (OCECPR) is the notifying authority, market surveillance authority and single point of contact, as confirmed on the European Commission's official AI Act Service Desk. According to legal reference guides the Commissioner for Personal Data Protection acts as market surveillance authority for certain high-risk systems involving biometrics and sensitive data, and the Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy coordinates national implementation. A precise date of the designation decision and a national implementing or sanctions law could not be reliably confirmed; no dated events are therefore included. No fine or formal investigation is known.","sources":[{"url":"https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/national-resources","name":"European Commission AI Act Service Desk, national resources (Cyprus)"},{"url":"https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/ai-machine-learning-and-big-data-laws-and-regulations/cyprus/","name":"Global Legal Insights, AI Laws Cyprus 2026"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute, AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"CZ","country_name_nl":"Tsjechië","country_name_en":"Czech Republic","msa_status":"draft","msa_name":"Český telekomunikační úřad (ČTÚ)","msa_name_en":"Czech Telecommunication Office (CTU)","single_point_of_contact":"Český telekomunikační úřad (ČTÚ), voorzien in het wetsontwerp","implementing_law_status":"draft","note_nl":"Tsjechië heeft nog geen aangenomen uitvoeringswet. De regering keurde op 28 mei 2025 het implementatieplan goed met het Ministerie van Industrie en Handel (MPO) als coördinator. Het minimalistische wetsontwerp van het MPO wijst de ČTÚ aan als belangrijkste markttoezichthouder en centraal contactpunt, met de Tsjechische Nationale Bank en de gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit ÚOOÚ als sectorale toezichthouders en het ÚNMZ als notificerende autoriteit. Het ontwerp heeft het interdepartementale commentaartraject doorlopen maar was medio 2026 nog niet aangenomen. De ČTÚ communiceert intussen al actief over de transparantieplichten van artikel 50.","note_en":"Czechia has not yet adopted its implementing act. On 28 May 2025 the government approved the implementation plan with the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MPO) as coordinator. The MPO's minimalist draft designates the CTU as the main market surveillance authority and single point of contact, with the Czech National Bank and the data protection authority UOOU as sectoral supervisors and UNMZ as notifying authority. The draft completed inter-ministerial consultation but had not been adopted by mid-2026. The CTU is already communicating actively about the Article 50 transparency obligations.","sources":[{"url":"https://ctu.gov.cz/umela-inteligence","name":"ČTÚ, dossier umělá inteligence"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"}]},{"country_code":"DE","country_name_nl":"Duitsland","country_name_en":"Germany","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Bundesnetzagentur","msa_name_en":"Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur)","single_point_of_contact":"Bundesnetzagentur","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Duitsland heeft met het KI-Marktueberwachungs- und Innovationsfoerderungsgesetz (KI-MIG), in werking sinds 29 juli 2026, een hybride toezichtmodel: de Bundesnetzagentur is centrale markttoezichthouder, contactpunt en klachtenloket, terwijl bestaande sectorale toezichthouders bevoegd blijven in hun eigen domeinen. De Bundesnetzagentur biedt daarnaast een KI-Service Desk en reallabs (regulatory sandboxes) aan. Boetes of formele onderzoeken onder de AI Act zijn in Duitsland nog niet bekend.","note_en":"With the AI Market Surveillance and Innovation Promotion Act (KI-MIG), in force since 29 July 2026, Germany runs a hybrid supervision model: the Bundesnetzagentur is the central market surveillance authority, contact point and complaints office, while existing sectoral regulators remain competent in their own domains. The Bundesnetzagentur also operates an AI Service Desk and regulatory sandboxes. No AI Act fines or formal investigations are known in Germany yet.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/1112336","name":"Bundesnetzagentur persbericht 29-07-2026"},{"url":"https://bmds.bund.de/service/gesetzgebungsverfahren/gesetz-zur-durchfuehrung-der-ki-verordnung","name":"BMDS wetgevingsdossier KI-MIG"},{"url":"https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2026/kw24-de-ki-1183820","name":"Deutscher Bundestag: aanname KI-MIG (11-06-2026)"}]},{"country_code":"DK","country_name_nl":"Denemarken","country_name_en":"Denmark","msa_status":"partial","msa_name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (contactpunt), Datatilsynet, Domstolsstyrelsen (toezicht artikel 5)","msa_name_en":"Danish Agency for Digital Government (contact point), Danish Data Protection Authority, Danish Court Administration (Article 5 supervision)","single_point_of_contact":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Denemarken was een van de eerste lidstaten met een volledige uitvoeringswet: Lov nr. 467 van 14 mei 2025, waarvan de handhavingsbepalingen sinds 2 augustus 2025 gelden. Digitaliseringsstyrelsen is het centrale contactpunt voor de AI-verordening; samen met Datatilsynet en Domstolsstyrelsen houdt zij toezicht op de verboden praktijken van artikel 5. Wie het nationale toezicht op high-risk AI-systemen en de transparantieverplichtingen krijgt, is volgens Digitaliseringsstyrelsen nog niet volledig belegd. Boetes of formele onderzoeken zijn nog niet bekend.","note_en":"Denmark was among the first Member States with a full implementing act: Act No. 467 of 14 May 2025, whose enforcement provisions apply since 2 August 2025. The Danish Agency for Digital Government is the central contact point for the AI Regulation; together with the Data Protection Authority and the Court Administration it supervises the Article 5 prohibited practices. According to the Agency for Digital Government it is not yet fully settled which bodies will supervise high-risk AI systems and the transparency obligations. No fines or formal investigations are known yet.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2025/467","name":"Lov nr. 467 af 14. maj 2025"},{"url":"https://digst.dk/tilsyn/ai-forordningen/faq-om-ai-forordningen/","name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen FAQ AI-forordningen"},{"url":"https://digst.dk/tilsyn/ai-forordningen/reglerne-i-ai-forordningen/forbudte-former-for-ai-praksis/","name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen: forbudte former for AI-praksis"}]},{"country_code":"EE","country_name_nl":"Estland","country_name_en":"Estonia","msa_status":"pending","msa_name":"Tarbijakaitse ja Tehnilise Järelevalve Amet (TTJA)","msa_name_en":"Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority (TTJA)","single_point_of_contact":"","implementing_law_status":"unknown","note_nl":"Estland heeft nog geen formele aanwijzing van de markttoezichtautoriteit afgerond. De TTJA meldt op haar eigen site dat zij in de toekomst de rol van bevoegde autoriteit voor AI-systemen gaat vervullen, inclusief toezicht op verboden praktijken en transparantieverplichtingen. Als grondrechtenautoriteiten met inzagerechten onder artikel 77 zijn de Andmekaitse Inspektsioon, de commissaris voor gendergelijkheid en gelijke behandeling en de TTJA gepubliceerd. Een nationale uitvoerings- of sanctiewet is nog niet aangenomen; de status van het wetgevingstraject kon niet betrouwbaar worden geverifieerd.","note_en":"Estonia has not yet completed the formal designation of its market surveillance authority. TTJA states on its own website that it will in future act as the competent authority for AI systems, including supervision of prohibited practices and transparency obligations. The Data Protection Inspectorate, the Gender Equality and Equal Treatment Commissioner and TTJA are listed as fundamental rights authorities with access rights under Article 77. No national implementing or penalties act has been adopted; the status of the legislative process could not be reliably verified.","sources":[{"url":"https://ttja.ee/ariklient/ohutus/tooted-teenused/tehisintellektisusteemid","name":"TTJA: Tehisintellektisüsteemid"},{"url":"https://www.kratid.ee/tehisintellektimaarus","name":"Kratid.ee (officiële AI-portal Estse overheid): Tehisintellekti määrus"},{"url":"https://www.justdigi.ee/uudised/uued-tehisaru-labipaistvuse-nouded-aitavad-eristada-inimese-ja-masina-loodud-sisu","name":"Justiits- ja Digiministeerium nieuwsbericht 5 augustus 2026"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute: AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"EL","country_name_nl":"Griekenland","country_name_en":"Greece","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Αρχή Προστασίας Δεδομένων Προσωπικού Χαρακτήρα (ΑΠΔΠΧ)","msa_name_en":"Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)","single_point_of_contact":"Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Griekenland rondde in juli 2026 een volledig nationaal handhavingskader af met wet 5321/2026 (Staatscourant A' 114, 20 juli 2026), na een publieke consultatie in juni en juli 2026. De wet kiest een gespreid toezichtmodel: de gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit HDPA is de centrale markttoezichtautoriteit en het nationale contactpunt, onder meer voor verboden praktijken (artikel 5), Annex III hoog-risicosystemen en transparantieplichten (artikel 50), terwijl telecomtoezichthouder EETT notificerende autoriteit is en de AI-sandbox host. De wet regelt toezichtsmaatregelen en bestuurlijke sancties en stelt het verwijderen van transparantiemarkeringen van synthetische content strafbaar. Nog geen boete of formeel onderzoek bekend.","note_en":"Greece completed a full national enforcement framework in July 2026 with Law 5321/2026 (Government Gazette A' 114, 20 July 2026), after a public consultation in June and July 2026. The law adopts a distributed supervision model: data protection authority HDPA is the central market surveillance authority and national contact point, including for prohibited practices (Article 5), Annex III high-risk systems and transparency obligations (Article 50), while telecoms regulator EETT is the notifying authority and hosts the AI sandbox. The law covers supervisory measures and administrative sanctions and criminalises stripping transparency markings from synthetic content. No fine or formal investigation is known yet.","sources":[{"url":"https://ai.gov.gr/en/resources/","name":"ai.gov.gr, officiële Griekse AI-portal (wet 5321/2026)"},{"url":"https://www.taxheaven.gr/law/5321/2026","name":"Taxheaven, wettekst N. 5321/2026 (FEK A' 114/20.07.2026)"},{"url":"https://www.metaxopouloslaw.gr/en/article-the-law-5321-2026-about-the-implementation-in-greece-of-the-regulation-2024-1689-ai-act/","name":"Metaxopoulos Law, analyse wet 5321/2026"},{"url":"https://en.protothema.gr/2026/06/23/greece-opens-public-consultation-on-national-framework-for-regulating-ai-under-new-eu-law/","name":"ProtoThema English, consultatie juni 2026"}]},{"country_code":"ES","country_name_nl":"Spanje","country_name_en":"Spain","msa_status":"partial","msa_name":"Agencia Española de Supervisión de Inteligencia Artificial (AESIA)","msa_name_en":"Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence (AESIA)","single_point_of_contact":"AESIA","implementing_law_status":"in_parliament","note_nl":"Spanje richtte AESIA al in 2023 op als eerste gespecialiseerde AI-toezichthouder van de EU (zetel A Coruña). De formele verankering van AESIA als markttoezichtautoriteit en het volledige sanctieregime zitten in het Proyecto de Ley Orgánica voor goed gebruik en governance van AI, dat de ministerraad op 26 mei 2026 naar het Congres stuurde. Naast AESIA houden AEPD, CGPJ en sectorale autoriteiten toezicht op specifieke domeinen. Zolang de wet niet is aangenomen, ontbreekt het nationale boetekader; er is nog geen AI Act-boete of formeel onderzoek bekend.","note_en":"Spain established AESIA in 2023 as the EU's first specialised AI supervisor (seat in A Coruña). The formal anchoring of AESIA as market surveillance authority and the full sanctions regime sit in the Organic Law Bill on the good use and governance of AI, which the Council of Ministers sent to Congress on 26 May 2026. Alongside AESIA, the AEPD, the CGPJ and sectoral authorities supervise specific domains. Until the law is adopted the national fining framework is missing; no AI Act fine or formal investigation is known.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","name":"BOE, Real Decreto 729/2023 (statuut AESIA)"},{"url":"https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/mtdfp/2026/05/el-gobierno-aprueba-el-proyecto-de-ley-que-garantizara-una-super","name":"Ministerie voor Digitale Transformatie, persbericht 26 mei 2026"},{"url":"https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/resumenes/paginas/2026/260526-rueda-prensa-ministros.aspx","name":"La Moncloa, ministerraad 26 mei 2026"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute, AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"FI","country_name_nl":"Finland","country_name_en":"Finland","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Liikenne- ja viestintavirasto Traficom (contactpunt en coordinator); gedecentraliseerd model met sectorale toezichthouders","msa_name_en":"Finnish Transport and Communications Agency Traficom (contact point and coordinator); decentralised model with sectoral authorities","single_point_of_contact":"Traficom","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Finland koos voor een gedecentraliseerd model: de wet op het toezicht op bepaalde AI-systemen (1377/2025) verdeelt het toezicht over 15 autoriteiten, waarvan negen markttoezichthouders en acht grondrechtenautoriteiten, met Traficom als nationaal contactpunt en coordinator. De bevoegdheden van deze toezichthouders gelden sinds 1 januari 2026. Aanvullende wetgeving over nationale testomgevingen (regulatory sandboxes) was voorzien tegen 2 augustus 2026. Boetes of formele onderzoeken onder de AI Act zijn nog niet bekend.","note_en":"Finland opted for a decentralised model: the Act on the Supervision of Certain AI Systems (1377/2025) distributes supervision across 15 authorities, nine of them market surveillance authorities and eight fundamental rights authorities, with Traficom as national contact point and coordinator. The powers of these supervisors apply since 1 January 2026. Additional legislation on national regulatory sandboxes was foreseen by 2 August 2026. No AI Act fines or formal investigations are known yet.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskokoelma/2025/1377","name":"Finlex: Laki 1377/2025"},{"url":"https://traficom.fi/fi/uutiset/uudet-saannot-vahvistavat-luottamusta-tekoalyyn-euroopassa","name":"Traficom nieuwsbericht (07-01-2026)"},{"url":"https://tietosuoja.fi/-/uudet-saannot-vahvistavat-luottamusta-tekoalyyn-tekoalyasetusta-valvovien-viranomaisten-toimivaltuudet-tulivat-voimaan-1.1","name":"Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto (bevoegdheden per 1-1-2026)"}]},{"country_code":"FR","country_name_nl":"Frankrijk","country_name_en":"France","msa_status":"draft","msa_name":"DGCCRF als beoogd coordinator en single point of contact, met o.a. CNIL, Arcom en ACPR als sectorale toezichthouders (schema aangekondigd, nog niet in wetgeving)","msa_name_en":"DGCCRF as intended coordinator and single point of contact, with CNIL, Arcom and ACPR among sectoral supervisors (scheme announced, not yet enacted)","single_point_of_contact":"DGCCRF (beoogd, artikel 70 lid 2; wettelijke verankering ontbreekt nog)","single_point_of_contact_en":"DGCCRF (intended, Article 70(2); the statutory basis is still missing).","implementing_law_status":"draft","note_nl":"Frankrijk publiceerde op 9 september 2025 een governance-schema met de DGCCRF als coordinator en single point of contact en een sectorale verdeling waarin de CNIL het merendeel van de gevoelige use cases krijgt (verboden praktijken, biometrie, AI op de werkvloer), naast Arcom, ACPR en productautoriteiten. De aanwijzingsbepalingen werden echter uit het DDADUE-wetsvoorstel gehaald voordat het bij het parlement werd ingediend, waardoor Frankrijk begin 2026 nog steeds geen formeel aangewezen autoriteiten had.","note_en":"On 9 September 2025 France published a governance scheme with the DGCCRF as coordinator and single point of contact and a sectoral split in which the CNIL takes most sensitive use cases (prohibited practices, biometrics, workplace AI), alongside Arcom, ACPR and product authorities. However, the designation provisions were withdrawn from the DDADUE bill before its submission to parliament, leaving France still without formally designated authorities in early 2026.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/priorites-et-actions/transition-numerique/soutenir-le-developpement-de-lia-au-service-de-0","name":"Direction generale des Entreprises"},{"url":"https://www.economie.gouv.fr/dgccrf/actualites-dgccrf/ia-la-dgccrf-coordonnera-laction-des-autorites-de-surveillance-en-france","name":"DGCCRF / economie.gouv.fr"},{"url":"https://ai-regulation.com/eu-ai-act-implementation-france-still-without-designated-national-competent-authorities/","name":"MIAI ai-regulation.com"}]},{"country_code":"HR","country_name_nl":"Kroatië","country_name_en":"Croatia","msa_status":"pending","msa_name":"","msa_name_en":"","single_point_of_contact":"","implementing_law_status":"draft","note_nl":"Kroatië loopt achter in dit cluster. Er is nog geen markttoezichtautoriteit en geen notificerende autoriteit aangewezen en er is geen aangenomen uitvoeringswet. Het Ministerie van Justitie, Bestuur en Digitale Transformatie publiceerde in december 2024 wel de lijst van autoriteiten voor de bescherming van grondrechten op grond van artikel 77 en heeft een werkgroep van ruim veertig leden ingesteld voor het ontwerp van de Zakon o provedbi Uredbe (EU) 2024/1689, met een publieksconsultatie over het wetgevingstraject op het portaal e-Savjetovanja. De ontwerpwet was medio 2026 nog niet ingediend bij het parlement.","note_en":"Croatia lags behind in this cluster. No market surveillance authority or notifying authority has been designated and there is no adopted implementing act. The Ministry of Justice, Public Administration and Digital Transformation did publish the list of fundamental rights authorities under Article 77 in December 2024 and has set up a working group of over forty members drafting the Act implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, with a public consultation on the legislative plan on the e-Savjetovanja portal. The draft had not reached parliament by mid-2026.","sources":[{"url":"https://mpudt.gov.hr/vijesti/objavljen-popis-nadleznih-tijela-sukladno-uredbi-o-umjetnoj-inteligenciji/29657","name":"MPUDT, lijst artikel 77-autoriteiten"},{"url":"https://esavjetovanja.gov.hr/ECon/MainScreen?entityId=29348","name":"e-Savjetovanja, consultatie uitvoeringswet"},{"url":"https://mpudt.gov.hr/pristup-informacijama-6341/savjetovanja-s-javnoscu/radne-skupine-za-izradu-nacrta-prijedloga-zakona-drugih-propisa-i-akata/30044","name":"MPUDT, werkgroep ontwerpwet"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"}]},{"country_code":"HU","country_name_nl":"Hongarije","country_name_en":"Hungary","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Vállalkozásfejlesztésért felelős miniszter","msa_name_en":"Minister responsible for Enterprise Development","single_point_of_contact":"Minister voor Ondernemingsontwikkeling (vállalkozásfejlesztésért felelős miniszter)","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Hongarije behoort tot de eerste lidstaten met een werkend nationaal kader. Wet LXXV van 2025 (gepubliceerd in de Magyar Közlöny op 31 oktober 2025, grotendeels in werking sinds 1 december 2025) en regeringsbesluit 344/2025 (X.31.) wijzen de Minister voor Ondernemingsontwikkeling aan als markttoezichtautoriteit en centraal contactpunt en de Nationale Accreditatieautoriteit als notificerende autoriteit. Voor hoogrisico AI-systemen die financiële diensten direct leveren treedt de Hongaarse Nationale Bank op als toezichthouder. Er is een adviserende Hongaarse AI-raad ingesteld en de boetemaxima van de verordening zijn omgezet in forintbedragen, tot 13,3 miljard forint (het equivalent van 35 miljoen euro) of 7 procent van de wereldwijde jaaromzet voor verboden praktijken.","note_en":"Hungary is among the first member states with an operational national framework. Act LXXV of 2025 (published in the Magyar Közlöny on 31 October 2025, largely in force since 1 December 2025) and Government Decree 344/2025 (X.31.) designate the Minister for Enterprise Development as market surveillance authority and single point of contact, and the National Accreditation Authority as notifying authority. For high-risk AI systems directly providing financial services, the Hungarian National Bank acts as supervisor. An advisory Hungarian AI Council has been established and the regulation's fine maxima have been converted into forint amounts, up to HUF 13.3 billion (the equivalent of EUR 35 million) or 7 percent of worldwide annual turnover for prohibited practices.","sources":[{"url":"https://njt.jog.gov.hu/jogszabaly/2025-75-00-00","name":"Nemzeti Jogszabálytár, Wet LXXV van 2025"},{"url":"https://njt.jog.gov.hu/jogszabaly/2025-344-20-22","name":"Nemzeti Jogszabálytár, besluit 344/2025 (X.31.)"},{"url":"https://cms.law/en/hun/legal-updates/hungary-implements-institutional-framework-for-eu-ai-act","name":"CMS Law (secundaire bevestiging)"},{"url":"https://smartlegal.hu/publication/the-act-implementing-the-institutional-framework-of-the-ai-act-in-hungary-has-been-published","name":"SmartLegal Schmidt & Partners (secundaire bevestiging)"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"}]},{"country_code":"IE","country_name_nl":"Ierland","country_name_en":"Ireland","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Gedistribueerd model met 15 sectorale bevoegde autoriteiten (o.a. Central Bank of Ireland, Coimisiun na Mean, Data Protection Commission, Workplace Relations Commission) als markttoezichthouders; AI Office of Ireland (Oifig IS na hEireann) als centrale coordinerende autoriteit, opgericht op 30 juli 2026","msa_name_en":"Distributed model with 15 sectoral competent authorities (incl. Central Bank of Ireland, Coimisiun na Mean, Data Protection Commission, Workplace Relations Commission) as market surveillance authorities; AI Office of Ireland (Oifig IS na hEireann) as central coordinating authority, established on 30 July 2026","single_point_of_contact":"AI Office of Ireland (Oifig IS na hEireann), operationeel per 2 augustus 2026; daarvoor interim contactpunt bij het Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Ierland loopt in dit cluster voorop. Acht bevoegde autoriteiten kregen op 29 juli 2025 rechtskracht via S.I. No. 366/2025, in september 2025 bevestigde de regering een totaal van 15 autoriteiten en een interim contactpunt bij het ministerie. De Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Act 2026, gepubliceerd als wetsvoorstel op 17 juni 2026, is op 21 juli 2026 door president Connolly ondertekend. De wet richt de AI Office of Ireland (Oifig IS na hEireann) op als onafhankelijke centrale coordinerende autoriteit en single point of contact; de office is op 30 juli 2026 opgericht met Paul Byrne als eerste CEO en is sinds begin augustus 2026 operationeel. Het markttoezicht zelf blijft bij de sectorale autoriteiten.","note_en":"Ireland leads this cluster. Eight competent authorities received legal effect on 29 July 2025 via S.I. No. 366/2025, and in September 2025 the government confirmed a total of 15 authorities and an interim contact point within the department. The Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Act 2026, published as a bill on 17 June 2026, was signed into law by President Connolly on 21 July 2026. The Act establishes the AI Office of Ireland (Oifig IS na hEireann) as an independent central coordinating authority and single point of contact; the office was established on 30 July 2026 with Paul Byrne as its first CEO and has been operational since early August 2026. Market surveillance itself remains with the sectoral authorities.","sources":[{"url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2025/september/20250916.html","name":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment"},{"url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2026/june/20260617.html","name":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment"},{"url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2026/july/20260730.html","name":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment"},{"url":"https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2025/si/366/made/en/print","name":"Irish Statute Book, S.I. No. 366/2025"},{"url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/legislation/general-scheme-of-the-regulation-of-artificial-intelligence-bill-2026.html","name":"DETE, General Scheme Regulation of AI Bill 2026"},{"url":"https://www.matheson.com/insights/ireland-adopts-distributed-model-for-ai-oversight/","name":"Matheson"}]},{"country_code":"IT","country_name_nl":"Italië","country_name_en":"Italy","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Agenzia per la Cybersicurezza Nazionale (ACN)","msa_name_en":"National Cybersecurity Agency (ACN)","single_point_of_contact":"Agenzia per la Cybersicurezza Nazionale (ACN)","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Italië was de eerste EU-lidstaat met een eigen nationale AI-wet (wet 132/2025, in werking sinds 10 oktober 2025). Artikel 20 wijst AgID aan als notificerende autoriteit en ACN als markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact; sectorale toezichthouders (Banca d'Italia, CONSOB, IVASS) behouden hun rol. De uitvoeringsdecreten met onder meer sanctie- en governancebepalingen zijn op 10 juni 2026 in eerste lezing goedgekeurd en moeten uiterlijk oktober 2026 definitief zijn. Nog geen boete of formeel onderzoek onder de AI Act bekend.","note_en":"Italy was the first EU Member State with its own national AI law (Law 132/2025, in force since 10 October 2025). Article 20 designates AgID as notifying authority and ACN as market surveillance authority and single point of contact; sectoral regulators (Banca d'Italia, CONSOB, IVASS) keep their roles. Implementing decrees covering governance and sanctions received preliminary approval on 10 June 2026 and must be finalised by October 2026. No fine or formal investigation under the AI Act is known yet.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00143/sg","name":"Gazzetta Ufficiale, legge 132/2025"},{"url":"https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/national-resources","name":"European Commission AI Act Service Desk, national resources"},{"url":"https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/comunicato-stampa-del-consiglio-dei-ministri-n-177/32050","name":"Governo Italiano, comunicato CdM n. 177 (10 juni 2026)"},{"url":"https://www.ansa.it/canale_tecnologia/notizie/tecnologia/2026/03/20/tribunale-roma-annulla-multa-da-15-milioni-di-euro-del-garante-privacy-a-openai_6560fadd-4099-451e-99a0-7fcbc9a285c1.html","name":"ANSA, Tribunale di Roma vernietigt Garante-boete OpenAI (maart 2026)"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute, AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"LT","country_name_nl":"Litouwen","country_name_en":"Lithuania","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT)","msa_name_en":"Communications Regulatory Authority (RRT)","single_point_of_contact":"Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT)","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Litouwen behoort tot de koplopers in de EU en is een van de lidstaten met één centrale markttoezichtautoriteit. De Seimas nam op 14 januari 2025 wijzigingen aan van de Wet op technologie en innovatie, waarmee de RRT per 1 april 2025 nationale markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact werd en het Innovatie-agentschap (Inovacijų agentūra) notificerende autoriteit. De RRT positioneert zich als coördinator van sectorale toezichthouders en bouwt een nationaal competentiecentrum voor AI-markttoezicht op.","note_en":"Lithuania is among the EU frontrunners and one of the Member States with a single central market surveillance authority. On 14 January 2025 the Seimas adopted amendments to the Law on Technology and Innovation, making the RRT the national market surveillance authority and single point of contact as of 1 April 2025, with the Innovation Agency (Inovacijų agentūra) as notifying authority. The RRT positions itself as coordinator of sectoral supervisors and is building a national competence centre for AI market surveillance.","sources":[{"url":"https://rrt.lt/veiklos-sritys/skaitmenine-erdve/di-informacija/di-reguliavimas","name":"RRT: DI reguliavimas"},{"url":"https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/3a00ca517f7d11e89188e16a6495e98c","name":"e-Seimas: Technologijų ir inovacijų įstatymas Nr. XIII-1414 (geconsolideerd)"},{"url":"https://sc.bns.lt/view/item/dirbtinio-intelekto-prieziura-lietuvoje-rrt-inicijuotas-tyrimas-rodo-butina-stiprinti-kompetencijas-514077","name":"BNS Spaudos centras: RRT-onderzoek AI-toezicht"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute: AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"LU","country_name_nl":"Luxemburg","country_name_en":"Luxembourg","msa_status":"draft","msa_name":"Commission nationale pour la protection des données (CNPD), beoogd als default-markttoezichtautoriteit (wetsvoorstel 8476, nog niet aangenomen)","msa_name_en":"National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD), intended default market surveillance authority (bill 8476, not yet adopted)","single_point_of_contact":"CNPD (beoogd single point of contact en nationale coordinator volgens wetsvoorstel 8476)","single_point_of_contact_en":"CNPD (intended single point of contact and national coordinator under the bill).","implementing_law_status":"in_parliament","note_nl":"Luxemburg koos vroeg een duidelijke lijn: wetsvoorstel 8476, ingediend op 23 december 2024, maakt de CNPD default-markttoezichtautoriteit, nationaal coordinator en single point of contact, met ALIA als toezichthouder op AI-gegenereerde content (artikel 50, leden 2 en 4) en een aparte autoriteit voor AI-gebruik door de rechterlijke macht. Het voorstel lag medio 2026 echter nog in de parlementaire commissie, waardoor de formele aanwijzing uitblijft.","note_en":"Luxembourg chose a clear course early on: bill 8476, filed on 23 December 2024, makes the CNPD the default market surveillance authority, national coordinator and single point of contact, with ALIA supervising AI-generated content (Article 50(2) and (4)) and a separate authority for AI use by the judiciary. However, as of mid-2026 the bill was still in parliamentary committee, so formal designation is outstanding.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.chd.lu/en/node/3016","name":"Chambre des Deputes (dossier 8476)"},{"url":"https://cnpd.public.lu/fr/actualites/national/2024/11/cnpd-ai-act.html","name":"CNPD"},{"url":"https://wdocs-pub.chd.lu/docs/compilation/docpa/pdf/8476_Dossier_Complet.pdf","name":"Chambre des Deputes, dossier consolide 8476"},{"url":"https://paperjam.lu/article/lirlande-cree-son-ai-office-le-luxembourg-cherche-son-gendarme","name":"Paperjam"}]},{"country_code":"LV","country_name_nl":"Letland","country_name_en":"Latvia","msa_status":"partial","msa_name":"Decentraal model: o.a. Patērētāju tiesību aizsardzības centrs, Datu valsts inspekcija, Latvijas Banka","msa_name_en":"Decentralised model: incl. Consumer Rights Protection Centre, Data State Inspectorate, Bank of Latvia","single_point_of_contact":"","implementing_law_status":"adopted","note_nl":"Letland koos in een door het kabinet behandeld informatief rapport (februari 2025) voor een decentraal model met ruim tien sectorale markttoezichtautoriteiten, gecoördineerd door het ministerie VARAM. De Datu valsts inspekcija houdt toezicht op verboden praktijken en AI-systemen met een hoog risico, Latvijas Banka op de financiële sector en het Ministerie van Economische Zaken treedt op als notificerende autoriteit; de Tiesībsargs (ombudsman) is grondrechtenautoriteit. Voor de financiële sector is een uitvoeringswet met sancties tot 35 miljoen euro aangenomen en sinds 1 oktober 2025 in werking; een algemene uitvoerings- en sanctiewet voor de overige sectoren is nog niet aangenomen.","note_en":"In an informational report reviewed by the Cabinet (February 2025), Latvia opted for a decentralised model with more than ten sectoral market surveillance authorities, coordinated by the ministry VARAM. The Data State Inspectorate supervises prohibited practices and high-risk AI systems, the Bank of Latvia covers the financial sector and the Ministry of Economics acts as notifying authority; the Ombudsman is the fundamental rights authority. For the financial sector an implementing law with sanctions up to EUR 35 million has been adopted and is in force since 1 October 2025; a general implementing and penalties law for other sectors has not yet been adopted.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/lv/maksliga-intelekta-mi-akts","name":"VARAM: Mākslīgā intelekta (MI) akts"},{"url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/latvija-sper-soli-preti-drosam-un-atbildigam-maksligajam-intelektam-valdiba-izskata-mi-akta-ieviesanas-planu","name":"VARAM nieuwsbericht 25 februari 2025"},{"url":"https://likumi.lv/ta/id/359339-maksliga-intelekta-centra-likums","name":"Likumi.lv: Mākslīgā intelekta centra likums"},{"url":"https://likumi.lv/ta/id/363378-finansu-tirgus-digitalas-darbibas-noturibas-un-maksliga-intelekta-izmantosanas-likums","name":"Likumi.lv: financiële-sectorwet DORA en AI-verordening"},{"url":"https://www.fm.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/izskatisanai-valdiba-virza-likumprojektus-finansu-nozares-digitalas-noturibas-regulas-un-maksliga-intelekta-akta-piemerosanai-latvija","name":"Ministerie van Financiën Letland: wetsvoorstellen DORA en AI-verordening"},{"url":"https://lvportals.lv/dienaskartiba/380341-saeima-noteic-regulejumu-digitalas-darbibas-noturibai-un-maksliga-intelekta-izmantosanai-finansu-tirgu-2025","name":"LV portāls: Saeima stelt regels vast voor AI op de financiële markt"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute: AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"MT","country_name_nl":"Malta","country_name_en":"Malta","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA)","msa_name_en":"Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA)","single_point_of_contact":"Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA)","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Malta implementeerde de AI-verordening via twee Legal Notices die op 10 oktober 2025 in de Government Gazette (nr. 21.519) verschenen. De MDIA is de voornaamste markttoezichtautoriteit, notificerende autoriteit, single point of contact en verantwoordelijk voor de nationale AI-sandbox; de Information and Data Protection Commissioner (IDPC) is markttoezichtautoriteit voor bepaalde datagevoelige en rechtshandhavingsgerelateerde AI-systemen. Het kader voorziet in bestuurlijke sancties tot 350.000 euro per overtreding of 1 procent van de wereldwijde jaaromzet indien dat hoger is, plus een dagboete van 12.000 euro voor voortdurende overtredingen. Nog geen boete of formeel onderzoek onder de AI Act bekend.","note_en":"Malta implemented the AI Act through two Legal Notices published in the Government Gazette (No. 21,519) on 10 October 2025. The MDIA is the principal market surveillance authority, notifying authority, single point of contact and responsible for the national AI sandbox; the Information and Data Protection Commissioner (IDPC) is market surveillance authority for certain data-sensitive and law-enforcement-related AI systems. The framework provides for administrative penalties up to 350,000 euros per infringement or 1 percent of worldwide annual turnover if higher, plus a daily penalty of 12,000 euros for ongoing infringements. No fine or formal investigation under the AI Act is known yet.","sources":[{"url":"https://legislation.mt/eli/ln/2025/226/eng","name":"Laws of Malta, LN 226/2025 (Artificial Intelligence Regulations, 2025)"},{"url":"https://mdia.gov.mt/services/artificial-intelligence/","name":"MDIA, Artificial Intelligence (officiële pagina)"},{"url":"https://chambers.com/articles/malta-s-ai-act-framework-the-new-roles-of-the-mdia-and-idpc","name":"Chambers and Partners, Malta's AI Act Framework"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute, AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"NL","country_name_nl":"Nederland","country_name_en":"Netherlands","msa_status":"draft","msa_name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP) en Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur (RDI), beoogd coordinerend binnen een stelsel van tien bestaande toezichthouders","msa_name_en":"Dutch Data Protection Authority (AP) and Netherlands Authority for Digital Infrastructure (RDI), intended coordinators within a system of ten existing supervisors","single_point_of_contact":"RDI (beoogd single point of contact namens Nederland; aanwijzing volgt pas met de Uitvoeringswet)","single_point_of_contact_en":"RDI (intended single point of contact for the Netherlands; designation follows only with the implementing act).","implementing_law_status":"consultation","note_nl":"Nederland heeft de deadline van 2 augustus 2025 voor formele aanwijzing gemist. Het kabinet koos in april 2026 voor een stelsel waarin tien bestaande toezichthouders elk hun eigen domein houden, met de AP en de RDI als coordinatoren en de RDI als beoogd centraal contactpunt. De AP is beoogd toezichthouder voor verboden praktijken, de meeste Annex III-systemen en gebieden zonder duidelijke bestaande toezichthouder. De internetconsultatie van de Uitvoeringswet AI-verordening sloot op 1 juni 2026 met dertig reacties; het wetsvoorstel is nog niet ingediend bij de Tweede Kamer.","note_en":"The Netherlands missed the 2 August 2025 deadline for formal designation. In April 2026 the cabinet opted for a system in which ten existing supervisors each keep their own domain, with the AP and RDI as coordinators and the RDI as intended single point of contact. The AP is the intended supervisor for prohibited practices, most Annex III systems and areas without a clear existing supervisor. The public consultation on the AI Act Implementation Act closed on 1 June 2026 with thirty responses; the bill has not yet been submitted to parliament.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2026/04/20/kabinet-zet-stap-met-toezicht-op-europese-ai-regels","name":"Rijksoverheid.nl"},{"url":"https://www.internetconsultatie.nl/uaiv/b1","name":"Internetconsultatie.nl (Uitvoeringswet AI-verordening)"},{"url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/actueel/toezicht-op-ai-wordt-concreet-sleutelrol-voor-de-ap-en-de-rdi","name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens"},{"url":"https://www.rdi.nl/actueel/nieuws/2026/04/20/toezicht-ai-balans-veiligheid-en-innovatie","name":"Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur"}]},{"country_code":"PL","country_name_nl":"Polen","country_name_en":"Poland","msa_status":"partial","msa_name":"Komisja Rozwoju i Bezpieczeństwa Sztucznej Inteligencji (KRiBSI)","msa_name_en":"Commission for the Development and Security of Artificial Intelligence (KRiBSI)","single_point_of_contact":"Komisja Rozwoju i Bezpieczeństwa Sztucznej Inteligencji (KRiBSI)","implementing_law_status":"adopted","note_nl":"Polen heeft als een van de eerste lidstaten in dit cluster een volwaardige uitvoeringswet afgerond. De ustawa o systemach sztucznej inteligencji van 3 juli 2026 is op 24 juli 2026 ondertekend en op 27 juli 2026 gepubliceerd (Dz.U. 2026 poz. 1003). De wet richt de KRiBSI op als markttoezichthouder en centraal contactpunt; de Minister van Digitalisering wordt notificerende autoriteit, ondersteund door het Poolse accreditatiecentrum. Het hoofddeel treedt op 11 augustus 2026 in werking, een deel van de bepalingen volgt op 28 oktober 2026. De voorzitter van de KRiBSI moet binnen twee maanden na inwerkingtreding zijn benoemd (verwacht oktober 2026); de commissie zou rond november 2026 operationeel moeten zijn. Tot die tijd is er formeel nog geen werkende toezichthouder.","note_en":"Poland is among the first in this cluster to complete a full implementing act. The Act on Artificial Intelligence Systems of 3 July 2026 was signed on 24 July 2026 and published on 27 July 2026 (Journal of Laws 2026, item 1003). It establishes KRiBSI as the market surveillance authority and single point of contact, with the Minister of Digital Affairs as notifying authority, supported by the Polish accreditation centre. The core provisions enter into force on 11 August 2026, with part of the provisions following on 28 October 2026. The KRiBSI chair must be appointed within two months of entry into force (expected October 2026) and the commission is expected to be operational around November 2026, so no supervisor is functioning yet.","sources":[{"url":"https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/2026/1003","name":"Dziennik Ustaw 2026 poz. 1003"},{"url":"https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20260001003","name":"ISAP Sejm"},{"url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/Sejm10.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=2443","name":"Sejm RP, przebieg prac druk nr 2443"},{"url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/ustawa-o-systemach-ai--bezpieczny-rozwoj-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce","name":"Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"}]},{"country_code":"PT","country_name_nl":"Portugal","country_name_en":"Portugal","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Autoridade Nacional de Comunicações (ANACOM)","msa_name_en":"National Communications Authority (ANACOM)","single_point_of_contact":"ANACOM","implementing_law_status":"none_known","note_nl":"De Portugese regering wees ANACOM op 19 september 2025 aan als nationale markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact voor de AI-verordening, na het missen van de deadline van 2 augustus 2025. ANACOM coördineert de samenwerking met sectorale autoriteiten, waaronder Banco de Portugal, CMVM en privacytoezichthouder CNPD. Portugal kiest voor uitvoering van de rechtstreeks werkende verordening zonder zelfstandige nationale AI-wet; een nationaal sanctiekader is nog niet gepubliceerd. In juni en juli 2026 consulteerde ANACOM over conceptaanbevelingen bij de verboden praktijken van artikel 5. Geen AI Act-boete of formeel onderzoek bekend.","note_en":"The Portuguese government designated ANACOM on 19 September 2025 as national market surveillance authority and single point of contact for the AI Act, after missing the 2 August 2025 deadline. ANACOM coordinates cooperation with sectoral authorities, including Banco de Portugal, the CMVM and data protection authority CNPD. Portugal is implementing the directly applicable regulation without a standalone national AI law; a national sanctions framework has not yet been published. In June and July 2026 ANACOM consulted on draft recommendations concerning the Article 5 prohibited practices. No AI Act fine or formal investigation is known.","sources":[{"url":"https://digital.gov.pt/en/estrategia-digital/regulamentacao/ai-act/modelo-de-governacao","name":"digital.gov.pt, governancemodel AI-verordening"},{"url":"https://www.publico.pt/2025/09/19/ciencia/noticia/anacom-sera-reguladora-inteligencia-artificial-portugal-anuncia-governo-2147791","name":"Público, 19 september 2025 (aankondiging regering)"},{"url":"https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/ai-regulation-scanner/portugal","name":"CMS Expert Guide, AI regulation Portugal"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute, AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"RO","country_name_nl":"Roemenië","country_name_en":"Romania","msa_status":"partial","msa_name":"Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații (ANCOM)","msa_name_en":"National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications (ANCOM)","single_point_of_contact":"ANCOM","implementing_law_status":"draft","note_nl":"De Roemeense regering wees via een memorandum van 12 maart 2026 ANCOM aan als markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact, met sectorale rollen voor ASF en BNR (financiële diensten), ANSPDCP (biometrie, rechtshandhaving, migratie, justitie en democratische processen) en ADR als notificerende autoriteit. ANCOM bevestigde op 24 juli 2026 dat de nationale uitvoeringswet met toezichts- en sanctieprocedures nog wordt uitgewerkt en dat nationale handhaving pas kan starten zodra die wet in werking treedt. De AI-verordening geldt intussen wel rechtstreeks.","note_en":"Through a memorandum of 12 March 2026 the Romanian government designated ANCOM as market surveillance authority and single point of contact, with sectoral roles for ASF and BNR (financial services), ANSPDCP (biometrics, law enforcement, migration, justice and democratic processes) and ADR as notifying authority. On 24 July 2026 ANCOM confirmed that the national implementing law with supervision and sanctioning procedures is still being drafted and that national enforcement can only start once that law enters into force. The AI Act itself applies directly in the meantime.","sources":[{"url":"https://gov.ro/ro/guvernul/sedinte-guvern/informatie-de-presa-privind-actele-normative-adoptate-in-edinta-guvernului-romaniei-din-12-martie-2026","name":"Gov.ro: besluiten ministerraad 12 maart 2026"},{"url":"https://www.ancom.ro/despre-noi/media/comunicate-de-presa/regulamentul-privind-inteligenta-artificiala-in-romania-stadiul-actual-al-cadrului-de-implementare/","name":"ANCOM: stand van zaken uitvoeringskader AI-verordening"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"Future of Life Institute: AI Act National Implementation Plans"}]},{"country_code":"SE","country_name_nl":"Zweden","country_name_en":"Sweden","msa_status":"partial","msa_name":"Post- och telestyrelsen (PTS, coordinerend, interim)","msa_name_en":"Swedish Post and Telecom Authority (PTS, coordinating, interim)","single_point_of_contact":"Post- och telestyrelsen (PTS, interim)","implementing_law_status":"consultation","note_nl":"Zweden heeft nog geen definitieve uitvoeringswet. Het onderzoeksrapport SOU 2025:101 (6 oktober 2025) stelt PTS voor als hoofdverantwoordelijke markttoezichthouder en coordinator, met inwerkingtreding beoogd op 2 augustus 2026, maar het wetsvoorstel is nog in de consultatie- en voorbereidingsfase. In afwachting daarvan gaf de regering op 12 juni 2026 PTS, IMY, Finansinspektionen, Laekemedelsverket en Swedac de opdracht om tot en met 31 december 2026 als bevoegde autoriteiten op te treden, met PTS als gemeenschappelijk contactpunt. Boetes of onderzoeken onder de AI Act zijn niet bekend.","note_en":"Sweden has no final implementing act yet. Inquiry report SOU 2025:101 (6 October 2025) proposes PTS as the lead market surveillance authority and coordinator, with entry into force targeted for 2 August 2026, but the bill is still in the consultation and drafting phase. Pending legislation, on 12 June 2026 the government tasked PTS, IMY, Finansinspektionen, the Medical Products Agency and Swedac to act as competent authorities until 31 December 2026, with PTS as the common contact point. No AI Act fines or investigations are known.","sources":[{"url":"https://pts.se/ai/ai-forordningen/","name":"PTS over de AI-verordening"},{"url":"https://www.regeringen.se/regeringsuppdrag/2026/06/uppdrag-att-vara-nationella-behoriga-myndigheter-enligt-al-forordningen","name":"Regeringsuppdrag interim bevoegde autoriteiten (12-06-2026)"},{"url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/anpassningar-till-ai-forordningen_hdb3101/html/","name":"SOU 2025:101 (Riksdagen)"}]},{"country_code":"SI","country_name_nl":"Slovenië","country_name_en":"Slovenia","msa_status":"designated","msa_name":"Agencija za komunikacijska omrežja in storitve (AKOS)","msa_name_en":"Agency for Communication Networks and Services (AKOS)","single_point_of_contact":"Agencija za komunikacijska omrežja in storitve (AKOS)","implementing_law_status":"in_force","note_nl":"Slovenië was een van de eerste lidstaten met een aangenomen uitvoeringswet. De ZIUDHPUI, aangenomen door het parlement op 23 oktober 2025 en gepubliceerd in het staatsblad (Uradni list nr. 85/2025) op 6 november 2025, is sinds 21 november 2025 van toepassing. AKOS is centraal contactpunt en coördinator van de regulatory sandbox en een van vijf markttoezichtautoriteiten, naast de Informatiecommissaris, de Bank van Slovenië, de verzekeringstoezichthouder en de marktinspectie. De wet regelt bevoegde autoriteiten, procedures, overtredingen en boetes. Afhankelijk van het type AI-systeem zijn meerdere notificerende autoriteiten aangewezen.","note_en":"Slovenia was among the first member states with an adopted implementing act. The ZIUDHPUI, adopted by parliament on 23 October 2025 and published in the Official Gazette (Uradni list No. 85/2025) on 6 November 2025, has applied since 21 November 2025. AKOS is the single point of contact and regulatory sandbox coordinator and one of five market surveillance authorities, alongside the Information Commissioner, the Bank of Slovenia, the insurance supervisor and the market inspectorate. The act sets out competent authorities, procedures, infringements and fines. Several notifying authorities are designated depending on the AI system type.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2025-01-3035/zakon-o-izvajanju-uredbe-eu-o-dolocitvi-harmoniziranih-pravil-o-umetni-inteligenci-ziudhpui","name":"Uradni list RS"},{"url":"https://www.jadek-pensa.si/kaj-prinasa-zakon-o-izvajanju-akta-o-umetni-inteligenci/","name":"Jadek & Pensa (secundaire bevestiging)"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"}]},{"country_code":"SK","country_name_nl":"Slowakije","country_name_en":"Slovakia","msa_status":"draft","msa_name":"Úrad pre digitálnu integritu","msa_name_en":"Office for Digital Integrity","single_point_of_contact":"Úrad pre digitálnu integritu, voorzien in het wetsontwerp","implementing_law_status":"consultation","note_nl":"Slowakije heeft nog geen aangenomen uitvoeringswet en nog geen werkende AI-toezichthouder. Het digitaliseringsministerie MIRRI presenteerde begin augustus 2025 het ontwerp van de zákon o umelej inteligencii en bracht het in het interdepartementale commentaartraject; een formele consultatieronde volgde begin 2026 en leverde honderden reacties op. Het ontwerp voorziet in een nieuw Úrad pre digitálnu integritu als algemene markttoezichthouder en centraal contactpunt, naast sectorale rollen voor onder meer de gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit. De beoogde inwerkingtreding rond augustus 2026 is niet gehaald; het traject liep medio 2026 nog.","note_en":"Slovakia has not yet adopted its implementing act and has no operational AI supervisor. In early August 2025 the digital ministry MIRRI presented the draft AI act and submitted it to the inter-ministerial comment procedure; a formal consultation round followed in early 2026, drawing hundreds of comments. The draft creates a new Office for Digital Integrity as general market surveillance authority and single point of contact, with sectoral roles for among others the data protection authority. The intended entry into force around August 2026 was not met; the process was still ongoing in mid-2026.","sources":[{"url":"https://mirri.gov.sk/aktuality/ministerstvo/slovensko-spusta-pripomienkove-konanie-k-zakonu-o-umelej-inteligencii-a-posilnuje-medzinarodnu-spolupracu/","name":"MIRRI, start commentaartraject"},{"url":"https://mirri.gov.sk/aktuality/splnomocnenec-vlady-pre-ai/reakcia-na-nepravdive-medialne-informacie-ohladom-uradu-digitalnej-integrity/","name":"MIRRI, over het Úrad pre digitálnu integritu"},{"url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"}]}],"events":[{"id":"enforcement_signal-ee-ministry-of-justice-and-digital-affairs-explains-article-50-transparency","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-08-05","country":"EE","authority":"Justiits- ja Digiministeerium","title_nl":"Ministerie van Justitie en Digitale Zaken licht artikel 50-transparantieplichten toe","title_en":"Ministry of Justice and Digital Affairs explains Article 50 transparency obligations","summary_nl":"Het Estse Ministerie van Justitie en Digitale Zaken publiceerde direct na 2 augustus 2026 een officiële toelichting op de nieuwe transparantieverplichtingen voor AI-gegenereerde content en deepfakes, inclusief de mogelijke boetes tot 15 miljoen euro of 3 procent van de wereldwijde jaaromzet. Een nationale toezichthouder wordt in de communicatie nog niet genoemd.","summary_en":"Immediately after 2 August 2026 the Estonian Ministry of Justice and Digital Affairs published official guidance on the new transparency obligations for AI-generated content and deepfakes, including potential fines of up to EUR 15 million or 3 percent of global annual turnover. The communication does not yet name a national supervisory authority.","articles":["50","99"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.justdigi.ee/uudised/uued-tehisaru-labipaistvuse-nouded-aitavad-eristada-inimese-ja-masina-loodud-sisu","source_name":"Justiits- ja Digiministeerium (Ministry of Justice and Digital Affairs)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-gpai-and-article-50-enforcement-powers-active","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-08-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Handhavingsbevoegdheden GPAI en artikel 50 actief","title_en":"GPAI and Article 50 enforcement powers active","summary_nl":"Sinds 2 augustus 2026 kan de Europese Commissie via het AI Office de GPAI-verplichtingen handhaven en zijn de nationale autoriteiten bevoegd de transparantieverplichtingen van artikel 50 te handhaven. Ook de meeste overige verplichtingen van de AI-verordening zijn vanaf deze datum van toepassing.","summary_en":"Since 2 August 2026 the European Commission, through the AI Office, can enforce the GPAI obligations and national authorities are competent to enforce the Article 50 transparency obligations. Most other AI Act obligations also apply from this date.","articles":["50","53","55"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency","article-53-gpai","article-55-gpai-systemic-risk"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-commission-enforcement-powers-for-gpai-and-national-article-50-enforceme","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-08-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Handhavingsbevoegdheden Commissie voor GPAI en nationale artikel 50-handhaving actief","title_en":"Commission enforcement powers for GPAI and national Article 50 enforcement active","summary_nl":"De Commissie kan via het AI Office nu documentatie opvragen, modellen technisch evalueren, maatregelen en terugtrekking uit de markt gelasten en boetes opleggen tot 3 procent van de wereldwijde jaaromzet of 15 miljoen euro aan aanbieders van GPAI-modellen. Het AI Office gaf aan eerst te sturen op technische compliance-dialogen. Ook de nationale handhaving van de transparantieverplichtingen van artikel 50 werd op deze datum actief.","summary_en":"Through the AI Office the Commission can now request documentation, run technical evaluations of models, order measures and market withdrawal, and impose fines of up to 3 percent of global annual turnover or 15 million euros on GPAI model providers. The AI Office indicated it will first rely on technical compliance dialogues. National enforcement of the Article 50 transparency obligations also became active on this date.","articles":["50","101"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/enforcement-of-chapter-v-under-the-eu-ai-act/","source_name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-enforcement-powers-for-gpai-and-transparency-obligations-become-active","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-08-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office en nationale markttoezichtautoriteiten","title_nl":"Handhavingsbevoegdheden voor GPAI en transparantieplichten actief","title_en":"Enforcement powers for GPAI and transparency obligations become active","summary_nl":"Sinds 2 augustus 2026 kan de Europese Commissie via het AI Office de regels voor aanbieders van AI-modellen voor algemene doeleinden handhaven en kunnen nationale markttoezichtautoriteiten de transparantieplichten van artikel 50 handhaven. Voor de landen in dit cluster betekent dit dat ACN, AESIA, ANACOM, HDPA, MDIA en OCECPR vanaf deze datum daadwerkelijk kunnen optreden.","summary_en":"Since 2 August 2026 the European Commission, through the AI Office, can enforce the rules for providers of general-purpose AI models and national market surveillance authorities can enforce the Article 50 transparency obligations. For the countries in this cluster this means ACN, AESIA, ANACOM, HDPA, MDIA and OCECPR can take real action from this date.","articles":["50"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","source_name":"Europese Commissie, digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu (AI Act)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-enforcement-of-gpai-rules-and-article-50-transparency-begins","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-08-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Handhaving GPAI en artikel 50-transparantie van start","title_en":"Enforcement of GPAI rules and Article 50 transparency begins","summary_nl":"Sinds 2 augustus 2026 kan de Commissie via het AI Office de regels voor modellen voor algemene doeleinden handhaven en moeten nationale markttoezichtautoriteiten de transparantieverplichtingen van artikel 50 handhaven. In dit cluster zijn alleen Hongarije en Slovenië daar institutioneel klaar voor; Polen volgt vanaf 11 augustus 2026 met de inwerkingtreding van zijn uitvoeringswet.","summary_en":"Since 2 August 2026 the Commission, through the AI Office, can enforce the rules for general-purpose AI models and national market surveillance authorities must enforce the Article 50 transparency obligations. In this cluster only Hungary and Slovenia are institutionally ready; Poland follows from 11 August 2026 when its implementing act enters into force.","articles":["50"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","source_name":"Europese Commissie, digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-commission-and-ai-office-enforcement-powers-active-for-gpai-and-article-","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-08-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Handhavingsbevoegdheden Commissie en AI Office actief voor GPAI en artikel 50-transparantie","title_en":"Commission and AI Office enforcement powers active for GPAI and Article 50 transparency","summary_nl":"Sinds 2 augustus 2026 zijn de handhavingsbevoegdheden van de Commissie en het AI Office voor aanbieders van AI-modellen voor algemene doeleinden van kracht en moeten lidstaten de transparantieverplichtingen van artikel 50 nationaal handhaven. In het cluster Estland, Litouwen, Letland, Roemenië en Bulgarije heeft op die datum alleen Litouwen een volledig operationele markttoezichtautoriteit.","summary_en":"Since 2 August 2026 the enforcement powers of the Commission and the AI Office for providers of general-purpose AI models apply and Member States must enforce the Article 50 transparency obligations nationally. In the Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria cluster, only Lithuania had a fully operational market surveillance authority on that date.","articles":["50","88","99"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-commission-announces-start-of-ai-act-enforcement-on-2-august-2026","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-07-31","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Commissie kondigt start handhaving AI Act per 2 augustus 2026 aan","title_en":"Commission announces start of AI Act enforcement on 2 August 2026","summary_nl":"De Commissie bevestigt dat het AI Office samen met de nationale autoriteiten vanaf 2 augustus 2026 de AI Act handhaaft. Daarmee kan het AI Office de bevoegdheden uit de verordening jegens aanbieders van general-purpose AI-modellen uitoefenen: informatie en documentatie opvragen (artikel 91), modeltoegang voor evaluaties verkrijgen (artikel 92), risicobeperkende maatregelen opleggen (artikel 93) en boetes tot 15 miljoen euro of 3 procent van de wereldwijde jaaromzet opleggen (artikel 101). Tegelijk zijn de transparantieplichten van artikel 50 van toepassing: interactieve AI-systemen moeten melden dat de gebruiker met AI te maken heeft, deepfakes moeten gelabeld worden en AI-gegenereerde content moet machine-leesbaar gemarkeerd zijn. Per 10 augustus 2026 is er nog geen formeel onderzoek naar een GPAI-aanbieder onder de AI Act publiek gemaakt.","summary_en":"The Commission confirms that from 2 August 2026 the AI Office, together with national authorities, enforces the AI Act. This allows the AI Office to exercise the powers the regulation grants it over providers of general-purpose AI models: requesting information and documentation (Article 91), obtaining model access for evaluations (Article 92), requiring risk-mitigation measures (Article 93) and imposing fines of up to 15 million euro or 3 percent of worldwide annual turnover (Article 101). At the same time the Article 50 transparency obligations apply: interactive AI systems must disclose that users are dealing with AI, deepfakes must be labelled and AI-generated content must carry machine-readable marking. As of 10 August 2026 no formal investigation into a GPAI provider under the AI Act has been made public.","articles":["50","91","92","93","101"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-starts-enforcing-ai-act-rules-and-new-transparency-requirements-2-august","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-around-190-signatories-for-the-ai-content-transparency-code","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-07-31","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Circa 190 ondertekenaars voor de transparantiecode voor AI-content","title_en":"Around 190 signatories for the AI content transparency code","summary_nl":"Vlak voor de start van de artikel 50-verplichtingen melden circa 190 organisaties zich als ondertekenaar van de Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-generated Content: 82 voor sectie 1 (aanbieders, waaronder Anthropic, Google, Meta, Microsoft en OpenAI) en 152 voor sectie 2 (deployers, waaronder Getty Images, Lenovo en Lufthansa). De Commissie en de AI Board hebben de code als adequaat beoordeeld; vanaf september 2026 starten twee taskforces voor implementatie en best practices.","summary_en":"Just before the Article 50 obligations start to apply, around 190 organisations sign the Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-generated Content: 82 under section 1 (providers, including Anthropic, Google, Meta, Microsoft and OpenAI) and 152 under section 2 (deployers, including Getty Images, Lenovo and Lufthansa). The Commission and the AI Board have assessed the code as adequate; two task forces on implementation and best practices start in September 2026.","articles":["50"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/strong-backing-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-cz-ctu-alert-transparency-rules-apply-from-2-august-2026","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-07-31","country":"CZ","authority":"ČTÚ","title_nl":"ČTÚ waarschuwt: transparantieregels gelden vanaf 2 augustus 2026","title_en":"CTU alert: transparency rules apply from 2 August 2026","summary_nl":"De ČTÚ publiceerde op 31 juli 2026 een persbericht over de transparantieverplichtingen van artikel 50 die op 2 augustus 2026 van toepassing werden. De toezichthouder roept partijen op te toetsen of zij chatbots moeten aankondigen, AI-content machineleesbaar moeten markeren en emotieherkenning of biometrische categorisering moeten melden.","summary_en":"On 31 July 2026 the CTU issued a press release on the Article 50 transparency obligations applying from 2 August 2026. The regulator urges entities to assess whether they must disclose chatbot interactions, machine-readably mark AI-generated content, and disclose emotion recognition or biometric categorisation.","articles":["50"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://ctu.gov.cz/tiskova-zprava-2.-srpna-2026-jako-klicove-datum-pro-pravidla-transparentnosti-podle-aktu-o-umele","source_name":"Český telekomunikační úřad (ČTÚ)"},{"id":"designation-ie-ai-office-of-ireland-established-paul-byrne-appointed-first-ceo","type":"designation","date":"2026-07-30","country":"IE","authority":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment","title_nl":"AI Office of Ireland opgericht, Paul Byrne benoemd als eerste CEO","title_en":"AI Office of Ireland established, Paul Byrne appointed first CEO","summary_nl":"Onder de op 21 juli 2026 ondertekende Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Act 2026 werd Oifig IS na hEireann (AI Office of Ireland) opgericht als onafhankelijk statutair orgaan. Paul Byrne werd benoemd als eerste CEO. De office treedt op als centrale coordinerende autoriteit voor de implementatie van de AI Act en als single point of contact voor de Europese Commissie, de nationale sectorale toezichthouders en het publiek, operationeel per 2 augustus 2026.","summary_en":"Under the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Act 2026, signed on 21 July 2026, Oifig IS na hEireann (AI Office of Ireland) was established as an independent statutory body. Paul Byrne was appointed as its first CEO. The office acts as the central coordinating authority for AI Act implementation and as the single point of contact for the European Commission, national sectoral regulators and the public, operational by 2 August 2026.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2026/july/20260730.html","source_name":"DETE"},{"id":"implementing_law-de-ki-mig-enters-into-force","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-29","country":"DE","authority":"","title_nl":"KI-MIG in werking getreden","title_en":"KI-MIG enters into force","summary_nl":"Het KI-Marktueberwachungs- und Innovationsfoerderungsgesetz werd op 28 juli 2026 bekendgemaakt (BGBl. 2026 I Nr. 233) en trad op 29 juli 2026 in werking, enkele dagen voordat de meeste AI Act-verplichtingen op 2 augustus 2026 van toepassing werden.","summary_en":"The AI Market Surveillance and Innovation Promotion Act was published on 28 July 2026 (Federal Law Gazette 2026 I No. 233) and entered into force on 29 July 2026, days before most AI Act obligations became applicable on 2 August 2026.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://bmds.bund.de/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/detail/neues-ki-gesetz-tritt-in-kraft","source_name":"Bundesministerium fuer Digitales und Staatsmodernisierung (BMDS)"},{"id":"designation-de-bundesnetzagentur-becomes-central-market-surveillance-authority","type":"designation","date":"2026-07-29","country":"DE","authority":"","title_nl":"Bundesnetzagentur wordt centrale markttoezichthouder","title_en":"Bundesnetzagentur becomes central market surveillance authority","summary_nl":"Met de inwerkingtreding van het KI-MIG werd de Bundesnetzagentur centrale markttoezichthouder, coordinerend contactpunt en klachtenloket voor de AI Act, onder meer voor AI in personeelsbeheer, kritieke infrastructuur en onderwijs. Zij start ook een KI-Service Desk en reallabs voor mkb.","summary_en":"With the KI-MIG entering into force, the Bundesnetzagentur became the central market surveillance authority, coordinating contact point and complaints office for the AI Act, covering areas such as AI in personnel management, critical infrastructure and education. It also launches an AI Service Desk and regulatory sandboxes for SMEs.","articles":["70","74","85"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/1112336","source_name":"Bundesnetzagentur"},{"id":"implementing_law-be-belgium-still-without-ai-supervisor-legislation-in-preparation","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-29","country":"BE","authority":"FOD Economie","title_nl":"Belgie nog zonder AI-toezichthouder, wetgeving in voorbereiding","title_en":"Belgium still without AI supervisor, legislation in preparation","summary_nl":"Bij het actief worden van de nationale handhaving van de transparantieregels bevestigde de FOD Economie dat het BIPT de Belgische AI-waakhond moet worden, maar dat dit pas geldt na parlementaire goedkeuring van de uitvoeringswetgeving. Er is nog geen officieel meldpunt; klachten kunnen alleen via de rechter of bij de Europese AI Act Service Desk.","summary_en":"As national enforcement of the transparency rules became active, the FPS Economy confirmed that BIPT is to become Belgium's AI watchdog, but only after parliamentary approval of the implementing legislation. There is no official complaints desk yet; complaints can only go through the courts or the European AI Act Service Desk.","articles":["70","50"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2026/07/29/geen-toezichthouder-wel-al-strengere-regels-hoe-ver-staat-belg/","source_name":"VRT NWS"},{"id":"implementing_law-eu-digital-omnibus-on-ai-regulation-eu-2026-1744-enters-into-force","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-27","country":"EU","authority":"Europees Parlement en Raad","title_nl":"Digital Omnibus on AI (Verordening (EU) 2026/1744) in werking","title_en":"Digital Omnibus on AI (Regulation (EU) 2026/1744) enters into force","summary_nl":"De Digital Omnibus on AI, vastgesteld op 8 juli 2026 en gepubliceerd in het Publicatieblad op 24 juli 2026, treedt op 27 juli 2026 in werking. De verordening verschuift de verplichtingen voor stand-alone hoog-risico AI-systemen (Annex III) van 2 augustus 2026 naar 2 december 2027 en voor ingebedde hoog-risicosystemen (Annex I) van 2 augustus 2027 naar 2 augustus 2028, en voegt per 2 december 2026 twee verboden toe aan artikel 5 (niet-consensuele intieme beelden en AI-gegenereerd materiaal van seksueel kindermisbruik). Dit herijkt de handhavingsagenda van Commissie en lidstaten.","summary_en":"The Digital Omnibus on AI, adopted on 8 July 2026 and published in the Official Journal on 24 July 2026, enters into force on 27 July 2026. The regulation defers the obligations for stand-alone high-risk AI systems (Annex III) from 2 August 2026 to 2 December 2027 and for embedded high-risk systems (Annex I) from 2 August 2027 to 2 August 2028, and adds two prohibitions to Article 5 as of 2 December 2026 (non-consensual intimate imagery and AI-generated child sexual abuse material). This recalibrates the enforcement agenda of the Commission and the Member States.","articles":["5","6","111","113"],"obligation_slugs":["annex-iii-high-risk","article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng","source_name":"EUR-Lex"},{"id":"implementing_law-eu-digital-omnibus-shifts-high-risk-annex-iii-to-2-december-2027","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-27","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Unie","title_nl":"Digital Omnibus verschuift high-risk Annex III naar 2 december 2027","title_en":"Digital Omnibus shifts high-risk Annex III to 2 December 2027","summary_nl":"Verordening (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI) van 8 juli 2026, in werking sinds 27 juli 2026, verschuift de toepassingsdatum van de verplichtingen voor high-risk AI-systemen onder Annex III naar 2 december 2027. De verboden praktijken en de transparantieverplichtingen blijven op hun oorspronkelijke tijdlijn.","summary_en":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI) of 8 July 2026, in force since 27 July 2026, moves the application date of the obligations for high-risk AI systems under Annex III to 2 December 2027. The prohibited practices and the transparency obligations remain on their original timeline.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","source_name":"EUR-Lex (Verordening (EU) 2026/1744)"},{"id":"implementing_law-eu-digital-omnibus-regulation-eu-2026-1744-enters-into-force-high-risk-post","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-27","country":"EU","authority":"Europees Parlement en Raad","title_nl":"Digital Omnibus (Verordening (EU) 2026/1744) in werking: high-risk uitgesteld","title_en":"Digital Omnibus (Regulation (EU) 2026/1744) enters into force: high-risk postponed","summary_nl":"Verordening (EU) 2026/1744 van 8 juli 2026, bekendgemaakt in het Publicatieblad op 24 juli 2026, trad in werking. De verplichtingen voor zelfstandige high-risk systemen onder Annex III verschuiven naar 2 december 2027 en voor ingebedde systemen onder sectorale productwetgeving naar 2 augustus 2028, naast gerichte vereenvoudigingen van de AI Act.","summary_en":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 of 8 July 2026, published in the Official Journal on 24 July 2026, entered into force. Obligations for stand-alone high-risk systems under Annex III shift to 2 December 2027 and for systems embedded under sectoral product legislation to 2 August 2028, alongside targeted simplifications of the AI Act.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng","source_name":"EUR-Lex"},{"id":"implementing_law-eu-digital-omnibus-shifts-annex-iii-high-risk-obligations-to-2-december-202","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-27","country":"EU","authority":"Europees Parlement en Raad","title_nl":"Digital Omnibus verschuift hoog-risicoverplichtingen Annex III naar 2 december 2027","title_en":"Digital Omnibus shifts Annex III high-risk obligations to 2 December 2027","summary_nl":"Verordening (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus), in werking sinds 27 juli 2026, verschuift de toepassingsdatum van de hoog-risicoverplichtingen voor Annex III-systemen naar 2 december 2027. Dit beïnvloedt de nationale handhavingsagenda's van alle lidstaten in dit cluster; verboden praktijken, GPAI-regels en artikel 50 blijven onverkort van kracht.","summary_en":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus), in force since 27 July 2026, shifts the application date of the high-risk obligations for Annex III systems to 2 December 2027. This affects the national enforcement agendas of all Member States in this cluster; prohibited practices, GPAI rules and Article 50 remain fully applicable.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32026R1744","source_name":"EUR-Lex, Verordening (EU) 2026/1744"},{"id":"designation-pl-act-published-kribsi-becomes-market-surveillance-authority-and-contact-p","type":"designation","date":"2026-07-27","country":"PL","authority":"KRiBSI","title_nl":"Wet gepubliceerd: KRiBSI wordt markttoezichthouder en contactpunt","title_en":"Act published: KRiBSI becomes market surveillance authority and contact point","summary_nl":"De wet van 3 juli 2026 is op 27 juli 2026 gepubliceerd in het staatsblad (Dz.U. 2026 poz. 1003). Zij wijst de KRiBSI aan als markttoezichtautoriteit en centraal contactpunt en de Minister van Digitalisering als notificerende autoriteit. Het hoofddeel geldt vanaf 11 augustus 2026, een deel van de bepalingen treedt op 28 oktober 2026 in werking.","summary_en":"The act of 3 July 2026 was published in the Journal of Laws on 27 July 2026 (item 1003). It designates KRiBSI as market surveillance authority and single point of contact, with the Minister of Digital Affairs as notifying authority. Core provisions apply from 11 August 2026; part of the provisions enter into force on 28 October 2026.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/2026/1003","source_name":"Dziennik Ustaw"},{"id":"implementing_law-eu-digital-omnibus-shifts-high-risk-obligations-to-december-2027","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-27","country":"EU","authority":"EU-wetgever","title_nl":"Digital Omnibus verschuift high-risk verplichtingen naar december 2027","title_en":"Digital Omnibus shifts high-risk obligations to December 2027","summary_nl":"Verordening (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus), in werking sinds 27 juli 2026, verschuift de toepassingsdatum van de verplichtingen voor hoogrisico AI-systemen van bijlage III naar 2 december 2027. Voor de nationale toezichthouders in dit cluster verlegt dit het zwaartepunt op korte termijn naar verboden praktijken en artikel 50-transparantie.","summary_en":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus), in force since 27 July 2026, moves the application date of the obligations for Annex III high-risk AI systems to 2 December 2027. For the national supervisors in this cluster this shifts the near-term focus to prohibited practices and Article 50 transparency.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32026R1744","source_name":"EUR-Lex"},{"id":"implementing_law-pl-president-nawrocki-signs-the-implementing-act","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-24","country":"PL","authority":"Prezydent RP","title_nl":"President Nawrocki ondertekent de uitvoeringswet","title_en":"President Nawrocki signs the implementing act","summary_nl":"President Karol Nawrocki ondertekende op 24 juli 2026 de ustawa o systemach sztucznej inteligencji, waarmee Polen de AI-verordening nationaal verankert en de KRiBSI opricht als toezichthouder op de AI-markt.","summary_en":"President Karol Nawrocki signed the Act on Artificial Intelligence Systems on 24 July 2026, anchoring the EU AI Act in Polish law and creating KRiBSI as the AI market supervisor.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/ustawa-o-systemach-ai--bezpieczny-rozwoj-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce","source_name":"Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji (gov.pl)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-ro-ancom-publishes-state-of-play-of-the-implementation-framework-just-befor","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-07-24","country":"RO","authority":"ANCOM","title_nl":"ANCOM publiceert stand van zaken uitvoeringskader vlak voor 2 augustus 2026","title_en":"ANCOM publishes state of play of the implementation framework just before 2 August 2026","summary_nl":"ANCOM bevestigde in een persbericht haar rol als markttoezichtautoriteit en nationaal contactpunt en lichtte de sectorale rolverdeling toe. De autoriteiten werken nog aan het nationale wetgevingskader met samenwerkings- en sanctieprocedures; handhavingsmaatregelen kunnen pas volgen zodra die nationale wet in werking is getreden.","summary_en":"In a press release ANCOM confirmed its role as market surveillance authority and national contact point and explained the sectoral division of roles. The authorities are still working on the national legislative framework with cooperation and sanctioning procedures; enforcement action can only follow once that national law has entered into force.","articles":["70","74","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.ancom.ro/despre-noi/media/comunicate-de-presa/regulamentul-privind-inteligenta-artificiala-in-romania-stadiul-actual-al-cadrului-de-implementare/","source_name":"ANCOM (persbericht 24 juli 2026)"},{"id":"implementing_law-el-law-5321-2026-greek-implementation-and-sanctions-framework-for-the-ai-ac","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-07-20","country":"EL","authority":"Grieks parlement","title_nl":"Wet 5321/2026: Grieks uitvoerings- en sanctiekader voor de AI-verordening","title_en":"Law 5321/2026: Greek implementation and sanctions framework for the AI Act","summary_nl":"Wet 5321/2026 (Staatscourant A' 114 van 20 juli 2026) bevat de nationale uitvoeringsmaatregelen bij Verordening (EU) 2024/1689: aanwijzing van bevoegde autoriteiten, toezichtsbevoegdheden en bestuurlijke sancties, waarbij AI-geletterdheid (artikel 4) meeweegt bij de boetebepaling, en een strafbaarstelling van het verwijderen van transparantiemarkeringen van synthetische content. Daarmee behoort Griekenland tot de eerste lidstaten met een compleet nationaal handhavingskader.","summary_en":"Law 5321/2026 (Government Gazette A' 114 of 20 July 2026) contains the national implementing measures for Regulation (EU) 2024/1689: designation of competent authorities, supervisory powers and administrative sanctions, with AI literacy (Article 4) as a factor in setting fines, and a criminal provision on stripping transparency markings from synthetic content. This puts Greece among the first Member States with a complete national enforcement framework.","articles":["5","50","70","99"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices","article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://ai.gov.gr/en/resources/","source_name":"Ειδική Γραμματεία Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης (officiële Griekse AI-portal, met link naar de Staatscourant)"},{"id":"designation-el-hdpa-central-market-surveillance-authority-eett-notifying-authority","type":"designation","date":"2026-07-20","country":"EL","authority":"Grieks parlement","title_nl":"HDPA centrale markttoezichtautoriteit, EETT notificerende autoriteit","title_en":"HDPA central market surveillance authority, EETT notifying authority","summary_nl":"Wet 5321/2026 wijst de gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit HDPA aan als voornaamste markttoezichtautoriteit voor onder meer verboden AI-praktijken, Annex III hoog-risicosystemen en de transparantieplichten van artikel 50, en als nationaal contactpunt richting het AI Office. Telecomtoezichthouder EETT wordt notificerende autoriteit en host de AI-sandbox samen met de Pharos AI Factory.","summary_en":"Law 5321/2026 designates data protection authority HDPA as the principal market surveillance authority for prohibited AI practices, Annex III high-risk systems and the Article 50 transparency obligations among others, and as national contact point towards the AI Office. Telecoms regulator EETT becomes the notifying authority and hosts the AI sandbox together with the Pharos AI Factory.","articles":["5","50","70"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices","article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://ai.gov.gr/en/resources/","source_name":"Ειδική Γραμματεία Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης (officiële Griekse AI-portal)"},{"id":"implementing_law-ie-regulation-of-artificial-intelligence-bill-2026-published","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-06-17","country":"IE","authority":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment","title_nl":"Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Bill 2026 gepubliceerd","title_en":"Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Bill 2026 published","summary_nl":"De regering publiceerde de Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Bill 2026, na de General Scheme van 4 februari 2026. De wet richt Oifig IS na hEireann (AI Office of Ireland) op als onafhankelijke centrale coordinerende autoriteit en single point of contact, laat het markttoezicht bij de sectorale bevoegde autoriteiten, geeft die autoriteiten handhavingsbevoegdheden en regelt de nationale sancties. De wet is vervolgens door de Oireachtas aangenomen en op 21 juli 2026 door president Connolly ondertekend.","summary_en":"The government published the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Bill 2026, following the General Scheme of 4 February 2026. The bill establishes Oifig IS na hEireann (AI Office of Ireland) as an independent central coordinating authority and single point of contact, leaves market surveillance with the sectoral competent authorities, gives those authorities enforcement powers and provides for national penalties. The bill was subsequently passed by the Oireachtas and signed into law by President Connolly on 21 July 2026.","articles":["70","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2026/june/20260617.html","source_name":"DETE"},{"id":"designation-se-interim-designation-of-competent-authorities","type":"designation","date":"2026-06-12","country":"SE","authority":"","title_nl":"Interim aanwijzing bevoegde autoriteiten","title_en":"Interim designation of competent authorities","summary_nl":"In afwachting van de aanvullende wetgeving gaf de regering PTS, Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten, Finansinspektionen, Laekemedelsverket en Swedac de opdracht om tot en met 31 december 2026 op te treden als nationale bevoegde autoriteiten onder de AI-verordening, met PTS als gemeenschappelijk contactpunt.","summary_en":"Pending complementary legislation, the government tasked PTS, the Privacy Protection Authority (IMY), the Financial Supervisory Authority, the Medical Products Agency and Swedac to act as national competent authorities under the AI Regulation until 31 December 2026, with PTS as the common contact point.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.regeringen.se/regeringsuppdrag/2026/06/uppdrag-att-vara-nationella-behoriga-myndigheter-enligt-al-forordningen","source_name":"Regeringskansliet (regeringsuppdrag Fi2026/01365)"},{"id":"implementing_law-de-bundestag-adopts-ai-implementation-act","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-06-11","country":"DE","authority":"","title_nl":"Bondsdag neemt KI-Durchfuehrungsgesetz aan","title_en":"Bundestag adopts AI implementation act","summary_nl":"De Duitse Bondsdag nam het KI-MIG in tweede en derde lezing aan. Het wetgevingstraject omvatte een eerste lezing op 20 maart 2026, een hoorzitting op 23 maart 2026 en een advies van de Bondsraad op 1 april 2026.","summary_en":"The German Bundestag adopted the KI-MIG in second and third reading. The legislative process included a first reading on 20 March 2026, a hearing on 23 March 2026 and a Bundesrat opinion on 1 April 2026.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2026/kw24-de-ki-1183820","source_name":"Deutscher Bundestag"},{"id":"implementing_law-pl-sejm-passes-the-act-on-ai-systems","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-06-11","country":"PL","authority":"Sejm RP","title_nl":"Sejm neemt de wet over AI-systemen aan","title_en":"Sejm passes the Act on AI Systems","summary_nl":"De Sejm nam de wet op 11 juni 2026 aan met 421 stemmen voor, 3 tegen en 18 onthoudingen. De wet voorziet in de oprichting van de KRiBSI als nationaal toezichtsorgaan en in regulatory sandboxes voor bedrijven. De Senaat stelde op 25 juni 2026 amendementen voor, waarna de Sejm de parlementaire behandeling afrondde.","summary_en":"The Sejm passed the act on 11 June 2026 with 421 votes in favour, 3 against and 18 abstentions. The law establishes KRiBSI as the national supervisory body and introduces regulatory sandboxes. The Senate proposed amendments on 25 June 2026, after which the Sejm completed the parliamentary process.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/Sejm10.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=2443","source_name":"Sejm RP, przebieg prac, druk nr 2443"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-code-of-practice-on-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content-published","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-06-10","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Code of Practice over markering en labeling van AI-content gepubliceerd","title_en":"Code of Practice on marking and labelling AI-generated content published","summary_nl":"Het AI Office publiceert de definitieve Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-generated Content, het vrijwillige nalevingsinstrument voor de transparantieplichten van artikel 50 die per 2 augustus 2026 gelden. Sectie 1 bevat provenance-eisen voor aanbieders van generatieve AI-systemen (machine-leesbare markering), sectie 2 bevat labelplichten voor deployers, zoals het zichtbaar labelen van deepfakes en AI-gegenereerde tekst over zaken van publiek belang.","summary_en":"The AI Office publishes the final Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-generated Content, the voluntary compliance tool for the Article 50 transparency obligations applying from 2 August 2026. Section 1 sets provenance requirements for providers of generative AI systems (machine-readable marking), section 2 sets labelling duties for deployers, such as visibly labelling deepfakes and AI-generated text on matters of public interest.","articles":["50"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-publishes-code-practice-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"implementing_law-it-council-of-ministers-gives-preliminary-approval-to-two-implementing-decr","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-06-10","country":"IT","authority":"Consiglio dei Ministri","title_nl":"Ministerraad keurt twee uitvoeringsdecreten bij wet 132/2025 in eerste lezing goed","title_en":"Council of Ministers gives preliminary approval to two implementing decrees under Law 132/2025","summary_nl":"Op 10 juni 2026 keurde de ministerraad in voorlopige lezing twee wetgevingsdecreten goed: één over governance, bevoegdheden van AgID en ACN en AI-opleiding, en één over politiegebruik, biometrie en civielrechtelijke en strafrechtelijke verantwoordelijkheid. De teksten liggen nu bij de parlementaire commissies en moeten binnen de delegatietermijn van twaalf maanden (uiterlijk oktober 2026) definitief worden.","summary_en":"On 10 June 2026 the Council of Ministers gave preliminary approval to two legislative decrees: one on governance, the powers of AgID and ACN and AI training, and one on police use, biometrics and civil and criminal responsibility. The texts are now with the parliamentary committees and must be finalised within the twelve-month delegation window (by October 2026).","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/comunicato-stampa-del-consiglio-dei-ministri-n-177/32050","source_name":"Governo Italiano, comunicato stampa Consiglio dei Ministri n. 177"},{"id":"implementing_law-es-ai-use-and-governance-bill-sent-to-congress","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-05-26","country":"ES","authority":"Consejo de Ministros / Congreso de los Diputados","title_nl":"Wetsvoorstel gebruik en governance van AI naar het Congres","title_en":"AI use and governance bill sent to Congress","summary_nl":"De ministerraad keurde op 26 mei 2026 het Proyecto de Ley Orgánica voor goed gebruik en governance van artificiële intelligentie goed en stuurde het naar het Congres (publicatie in het Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales A-97-1 op 12 juni 2026). Het voorstel regelt governance en markttoezicht met AESIA als centrale autoriteit, sandboxes, AI-gebruik in de publieke sector en het nationale sanctieregime bij de AI-verordening. Als organieke wet vereist het een absolute meerderheid.","summary_en":"On 26 May 2026 the Council of Ministers approved the Organic Law Bill on the good use and governance of artificial intelligence and sent it to Congress (published in the Official Bulletin of the Cortes Generales A-97-1 on 12 June 2026). The bill covers governance and market surveillance with AESIA as central authority, sandboxes, AI use in the public sector and the national sanctions regime under the AI Act. As an organic law it requires an absolute majority.","articles":["70","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/mtdfp/2026/05/el-gobierno-aprueba-el-proyecto-de-ley-que-garantizara-una-super","source_name":"Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública (persbericht)"},{"id":"implementing_law-nl-dutch-ai-act-implementation-act-enters-public-consultation","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-04-20","country":"NL","authority":"Ministerie van Economische Zaken","title_nl":"Uitvoeringswet AI-verordening in internetconsultatie","title_en":"Dutch AI Act Implementation Act enters public consultation","summary_nl":"Het kabinet bracht op 20 april 2026 de Uitvoeringswet AI-verordening in consultatie. Het voorstel wijst tien bestaande markttoezichthouders aan (waaronder AP, RDI, ILT, IGJ, NVWA, Nederlandse Arbeidsinspectie, AFM en DNB), geeft de AP en de RDI een coordinerende rol en maakt de RDI het beoogde centrale contactpunt richting de Commissie. De consultatie liep tot en met 1 juni 2026.","summary_en":"On 20 April 2026 the Dutch cabinet opened public consultation on the AI Act Implementation Act. The bill designates ten existing market surveillance authorities (including AP, RDI, ILT, IGJ, NVWA, the Labour Inspectorate, AFM and DNB), gives the AP and RDI a coordinating role and makes the RDI the intended single point of contact towards the Commission. The consultation ran until 1 June 2026.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2026/04/20/kabinet-zet-stap-met-toezicht-op-europese-ai-regels","source_name":"Rijksoverheid.nl"},{"id":"implementing_law-pl-polish-government-adopts-bill-on-ai-systems","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-03-31","country":"PL","authority":"Rada Ministrów","title_nl":"Poolse regering neemt wetsvoorstel over AI-systemen aan","title_en":"Polish government adopts bill on AI systems","summary_nl":"De Rada Ministrów nam op 31 maart 2026 het wetsvoorstel over systemen van kunstmatige intelligentie aan, de Poolse uitvoeringswet bij de AI-verordening, op voordracht van de Minister van Digitalisering. Het voorstel werd daarna bij de Sejm ingediend.","summary_en":"On 31 March 2026 the Council of Ministers adopted the draft Act on Artificial Intelligence Systems, Poland's implementing law for the AI Act, submitted by the Minister of Digital Affairs. The bill was then sent to the Sejm.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/premier/projekt-ustawy-o-systemach-sztucznej-inteligencji2","source_name":"Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów (gov.pl)"},{"id":"designation-eu-edps-publishes-compass-for-supervising-eu-institutions-under-the-ai-act","type":"designation","date":"2026-03-17","country":"EU","authority":"European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS)","title_nl":"EDPS publiceert Compass voor toezicht op EU-instellingen onder de AI Act","title_en":"EDPS publishes Compass for supervising EU institutions under the AI Act","summary_nl":"De Europese Toezichthouder voor gegevensbescherming (EDPS) is onder de AI Act aangewezen als markttoezichtautoriteit en notified body voor AI-systemen die door EU-instellingen, -organen en -agentschappen worden gebruikt. Met de Compass 2026-2027 zet de EDPS uiteen hoe hij deze rol invult langs vier pijlers: toezicht (ex ante conformiteitsbeoordeling en ex post markttoezicht), bijdrage aan de AI Act-governance, institutionele versterking en internationale samenwerking. Eerder richtte de EDPS al een AI-unit op (oktober 2024) en bracht hij de hoog-risico AI-systemen bij de EU-instellingen in kaart (rapport van 4 december 2025).","summary_en":"Under the AI Act, the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) is designated as the market surveillance authority and notified body for AI systems used by EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. With the Compass 2026-2027 the EDPS sets out how it will fulfil this role along four pillars: supervision (ex ante conformity assessment and ex post market surveillance), contribution to AI Act governance, institutional empowerment and international engagement. The EDPS had already set up an AI Unit (October 2024) and mapped the high-risk AI systems across EU institutions (report of 4 December 2025).","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.edps.europa.eu/system/files/2026-03/26-03-17_edps-compass-under-ai-act-2026-2027_en.pdf","source_name":"EDPS"},{"id":"designation-ro-government-memorandum-designates-ancom-as-market-surveillance-authority-","type":"designation","date":"2026-03-12","country":"RO","authority":"Guvernul României","title_nl":"Regeringsmemorandum wijst ANCOM aan als markttoezichtautoriteit en nationaal contactpunt","title_en":"Government memorandum designates ANCOM as market surveillance authority and national contact point","summary_nl":"De Roemeense regering nam een memorandum aan over de aanwijzing van de nationale bevoegde autoriteiten voor de AI-verordening. ANCOM wordt markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact, ASF en BNR dekken financiële diensten, ANSPDCP gevoelige domeinen zoals biometrie en rechtshandhaving, en ADR wordt notificerende autoriteit.","summary_en":"The Romanian government adopted a memorandum on the designation of the national competent authorities for the AI Act. ANCOM becomes market surveillance authority and single point of contact, ASF and BNR cover financial services, ANSPDCP covers sensitive domains such as biometrics and law enforcement, and ADR becomes the notifying authority.","articles":["70","74"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://gov.ro/ro/guvernul/sedinte-guvern/informatie-de-presa-privind-actele-normative-adoptate-in-edinta-guvernului-romaniei-din-12-martie-2026","source_name":"Gov.ro (persbericht ministerraad 12 maart 2026)"},{"id":"implementing_law-de-cabinet-adopts-draft-ki-mig","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-02-11","country":"DE","authority":"","title_nl":"Kabinet neemt ontwerp KI-MIG aan","title_en":"Cabinet adopts draft KI-MIG","summary_nl":"Het Bondskabinet nam het regeringsontwerp aan van het Gesetz zur Durchfuehrung der Verordnung (EU) 2024/1689 (KI-Marktueberwachungs- und Innovationsfoerderungsgesetz, KI-MIG), na een consultatie over het Referentenentwurf die op 12 september 2025 startte.","summary_en":"The Federal Cabinet adopted the government draft of the Act implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Market Surveillance and Innovation Promotion Act, KI-MIG), following a consultation on the ministerial draft launched on 12 September 2025.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://bmds.bund.de/service/gesetzgebungsverfahren/gesetz-zur-durchfuehrung-der-ki-verordnung","source_name":"Bundesministerium fuer Digitales und Staatsmodernisierung (BMDS)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-lu-cnpd-and-government-launch-the-ai-act-in-action","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-01-20","country":"LU","authority":"CNPD","title_nl":"CNPD en regering lanceren 'L'AI Act en action'","title_en":"CNPD and government launch 'The AI Act in action'","summary_nl":"De CNPD presenteerde samen met minister Elisabeth Margue (bevoegd voor Media en Connectiviteit) op de conferentie 'L'AI Act en action' in de Chambre de Commerce het traject van beleid naar praktijk voor de AI Act in Luxemburg, met ruim 300 deelnemers. De CNPD positioneerde zich daarmee publiek als de toekomstige AI-toezichthouder in afwachting van de aanname van wetsvoorstel 8476.","summary_en":"At the conference 'The AI Act in action' at the Chamber of Commerce, the CNPD and Minister Elisabeth Margue (responsible for Media and Connectivity) presented the path from policy to practice for the AI Act in Luxembourg, with over 300 participants. The CNPD thereby publicly positioned itself as the future AI supervisor pending adoption of bill 8476.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://cnpd.public.lu/fr/actualites/national/2026/01/ai-act-in-action-cp-jan2026.html","source_name":"CNPD"},{"id":"implementing_law-fr-designation-dropped-from-ddadue-france-still-without-formal-authorities","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-01-20","country":"FR","authority":"Franse regering","title_nl":"Aanwijzing uit DDADUE gehaald: Frankrijk nog zonder formele autoriteiten","title_en":"Designation dropped from DDADUE: France still without formal authorities","summary_nl":"Volgens een analyse van het MIAI-instituut bevatte het DDADUE-wetsvoorstel van november 2025 aanvankelijk de bepalingen die de Franse AI Act-autoriteiten formeel zouden aanwijzen, maar zijn deze voor indiening bij het parlement teruggetrokken. Frankrijk behoorde daarmee begin 2026 tot de lidstaten zonder formeel aangewezen bevoegde autoriteiten.","summary_en":"According to an analysis by the MIAI institute, the November 2025 DDADUE bill initially contained the provisions that would formally designate the French AI Act authorities, but these were withdrawn before submission to parliament. This left France in early 2026 among the member states without formally designated competent authorities.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://ai-regulation.com/eu-ai-act-implementation-france-still-without-designated-national-competent-authorities/","source_name":"MIAI ai-regulation.com"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-bg-ministry-confirms-no-market-surveillance-and-no-sanctioning-regime-for-t","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2026-01-09","country":"BG","authority":"Ministerie van Elektronisch Bestuur","title_nl":"Ministerie bevestigt: nog geen markttoezicht en geen sanctieregime voor de AI-verordening","title_en":"Ministry confirms: no market surveillance and no sanctioning regime for the AI Act yet","summary_nl":"Het Ministerie van Elektronisch Bestuur verklaarde dat de nationale kaderregeling voor de AI-verordening zich nog in de voorbereidingsfase bevindt: geen besluit over het coördinatiemodel, de markttoezichtautoriteiten of het sanctieregime. Een conceptbesluit om de nationale accreditatiedienst als notificerende autoriteit aan te wijzen was nog niet bij de ministerraad ingediend; als richtdatum voor het nationale kader werd maart 2026 genoemd, die datum is inmiddels verstreken zonder bevestigde aanwijzing.","summary_en":"The Ministry of Electronic Governance stated that the national framework for the AI Act is still in the preparatory stage: no decision on the coordination model, the market surveillance authorities or the sanctioning regime. A draft decision to designate the national Accreditation Service as notifying authority had not yet been submitted to the Council of Ministers; March 2026 was mentioned as the target date for the national framework, which has since passed without a confirmed designation.","articles":["70","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.bta.bg/en/news/economy/1040178-bulgaria-still-lacks-oversight-of-high-risk-ai-systems-sanctions-under-ai-act-r","source_name":"BTA (Bulgaars staatspersagentschap)"},{"id":"implementing_law-fi-act-1377-2025-on-supervision-of-ai-systems-in-force","type":"implementing_law","date":"2026-01-01","country":"FI","authority":"","title_nl":"Wet 1377/2025 op het toezicht op AI-systemen in werking","title_en":"Act 1377/2025 on supervision of AI systems in force","summary_nl":"De Laki eraiden tekoalyjarjestelmien valvonnasta (1377/2025) trad op 1 januari 2026 in werking. De wet organiseert het toezicht op AI-systemen onder de AI-verordening, wijst per sector de bevoegde autoriteiten aan en geeft hun toezichts- en handhavingsbevoegdheden.","summary_en":"The Act on the Supervision of Certain Artificial Intelligence Systems (1377/2025) entered into force on 1 January 2026. It organises supervision of AI systems under the AI Regulation, designates the competent authorities per sector and grants them supervisory and enforcement powers.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskokoelma/2025/1377","source_name":"Finlex (Fins staatsblad)"},{"id":"designation-fi-traficom-contact-point-supervision-spread-across-15-authorities","type":"designation","date":"2026-01-01","country":"FI","authority":"","title_nl":"Traficom contactpunt; toezicht verdeeld over 15 autoriteiten","title_en":"Traficom contact point; supervision spread across 15 authorities","summary_nl":"Sinds 1 januari 2026 zijn de bevoegdheden van de Finse toezichthouders onder de AI-verordening van kracht. Traficom is nationaal contactpunt en coordineert de uitvoering; het toezicht is verdeeld over 15 autoriteiten, waarvan negen markttoezichthouders en acht autoriteiten voor het toezicht op de grondrechten.","summary_en":"Since 1 January 2026 the powers of the Finnish supervisory authorities under the AI Regulation are in effect. Traficom is the national contact point and coordinates implementation; supervision is distributed across 15 authorities, nine of them market surveillance authorities and eight fundamental rights supervisors.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://traficom.fi/fi/uutiset/uudet-saannot-vahvistavat-luottamusta-tekoalyyn-euroopassa","source_name":"Traficom"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-commission-launches-ai-act-whistleblower-tool","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-11-24","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Commissie lanceert AI Act Whistleblower Tool","title_en":"Commission launches AI Act Whistleblower Tool","summary_nl":"De Commissie lanceert binnen het AI Office een beveiligd meldkanaal waarmee personen vermoede inbreuken op de AI Act vertrouwelijk en desgewenst anoniem kunnen melden, in elke officiele EU-taal en in elk relevant formaat. Melders kunnen via een beveiligde inbox anoniem de voortgang van hun melding volgen en vervolgvragen van het AI Office beantwoorden.","summary_en":"The Commission launches a secure reporting channel within the AI Office through which individuals can report suspected breaches of the AI Act confidentially and, if desired, anonymously, in any official EU language and in any relevant format. Reporters can follow the progress of their report and answer follow-up questions from the AI Office anonymously via a secure inbox.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-launches-whistleblower-tool-ai-act","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"implementing_law-si-implementing-act-ziudhpui-published-in-the-official-gazette","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-11-06","country":"SI","authority":"Državni zbor","title_nl":"Uitvoeringswet ZIUDHPUI gepubliceerd in het staatsblad","title_en":"Implementing act ZIUDHPUI published in the Official Gazette","summary_nl":"De wet over de uitvoering van de verordening met geharmoniseerde regels over kunstmatige intelligentie (ZIUDHPUI) werd op 23 oktober 2025 aangenomen en op 6 november 2025 gepubliceerd in Uradni list nr. 85/2025. De wet bepaalt de bevoegde autoriteiten, procedures, overtredingen en boetes en is sinds 21 november 2025 van toepassing.","summary_en":"The Act on the Implementation of the Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (ZIUDHPUI) was adopted on 23 October 2025 and published on 6 November 2025 in Uradni list No. 85/2025. It determines the competent authorities, procedures, infringements and fines and has applied since 21 November 2025.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2025-01-3035/zakon-o-izvajanju-uredbe-eu-o-dolocitvi-harmoniziranih-pravil-o-umetni-inteligenci-ziudhpui","source_name":"Uradni list Republike Slovenije"},{"id":"designation-si-akos-designated-as-contact-point-five-market-surveillance-authorities-ap","type":"designation","date":"2025-11-06","country":"SI","authority":"AKOS","title_nl":"AKOS aangewezen als contactpunt, vijf markttoezichthouders benoemd","title_en":"AKOS designated as contact point, five market surveillance authorities appointed","summary_nl":"Op grond van de ZIUDHPUI is AKOS het centrale contactpunt en coördinator van regulatory sandboxes. Het markttoezicht is verdeeld over vijf autoriteiten: AKOS, de Informatiecommissaris, de Bank van Slovenië, de verzekeringstoezichthouder en de marktinspectie TIRS.","summary_en":"Under the ZIUDHPUI, AKOS is the single point of contact and coordinator of regulatory sandboxes. Market surveillance is shared by five authorities: AKOS, the Information Commissioner, the Bank of Slovenia, the insurance supervision agency and the market inspectorate TIRS.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2025-01-3035/zakon-o-izvajanju-uredbe-eu-o-dolocitvi-harmoniziranih-pravil-o-umetni-inteligenci-ziudhpui","source_name":"Uradni list Republike Slovenije"},{"id":"designation-hu-government-decree-344-2025-designates-authorities","type":"designation","date":"2025-10-31","country":"HU","authority":"Hongaarse regering","title_nl":"Regeringsbesluit 344/2025 wijst autoriteiten aan","title_en":"Government Decree 344/2025 designates authorities","summary_nl":"Regeringsbesluit 344/2025 (X.31.) wijst de nationale autoriteiten aan, regelt procedures en rapportageplichten, regelt de Hongaarse AI-raad en zet de EU-boetemaxima om in forintbedragen, waaronder 13,3 miljard forint als equivalent van het maximum van artikel 99. De Minister voor Ondernemingsontwikkeling wordt markttoezichtautoriteit en contactpunt, de Nationale Accreditatieautoriteit notificerende autoriteit.","summary_en":"Government Decree 344/2025 (X.31.) designates the national authorities, sets procedural and reporting rules, provides for the Hungarian AI Council and converts the EU fine maxima into forint amounts, including HUF 13.3 billion as the equivalent of the Article 99 maximum. The Minister for Enterprise Development becomes market surveillance authority and contact point, the National Accreditation Authority the notifying authority.","articles":["70","28","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://njt.jog.gov.hu/jogszabaly/2025-344-20-22","source_name":"Nemzeti Jogszabálytár (njt.jog.gov.hu)"},{"id":"implementing_law-hu-act-lxxv-of-2025-implementing-the-ai-regulation-published","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-10-31","country":"HU","authority":"Országgyűlés","title_nl":"Wet LXXV van 2025 over de uitvoering van de AI-verordening gepubliceerd","title_en":"Act LXXV of 2025 implementing the AI Regulation published","summary_nl":"Wet LXXV van 2025 over de Hongaarse uitvoering van de AI-verordening werd op 31 oktober 2025 gepubliceerd in de Magyar Közlöny en trad grotendeels op 1 december 2025 in werking; enkele bepalingen over regulatory sandboxes volgden op 2 augustus 2026. De wet regelt het binnenlandse toezicht, markttoezichtprocessen en sancties.","summary_en":"Act LXXV of 2025 on the domestic implementation of the AI Regulation was published in the Magyar Közlöny on 31 October 2025 and largely entered into force on 1 December 2025, with certain regulatory sandbox provisions following on 2 August 2026. It establishes domestic oversight, market surveillance processes and sanctions.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://njt.jog.gov.hu/jogszabaly/2025-75-00-00","source_name":"Nemzeti Jogszabálytár (njt.jog.gov.hu)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-dk-guidance-package-on-prohibited-ai-practices","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-10-20","country":"DK","authority":"","title_nl":"Vejledningspakket over verboden AI-praktijken","title_en":"Guidance package on prohibited AI practices","summary_nl":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen publiceerde op 20 oktober 2025 een pakket van een hoofdrichtsnoer en vijf aanvullende richtsnoeren over de verboden AI-praktijken van artikel 5, als aanvulling op de richtsnoeren van de Europese Commissie. Het pakket beschrijft de regels waarop de autoriteit toezicht houdt, met fictieve casussen.","summary_en":"On 20 October 2025 the Danish Agency for Digital Government published a package of one main guideline and five supplementary guidelines on the Article 5 prohibited AI practices, complementing the European Commission's guidance. The package sets out the rules the authority supervises, including fictional cases.","articles":["5"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digst.dk/nyheder/nyhedsarkiv/2025/oktober/vejledning-om-forbudt-ai/","source_name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen"},{"id":"implementing_law-it-law-132-2025-first-national-ai-law-in-the-eu-enters-into-force","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-10-10","country":"IT","authority":"Parlamento italiano","title_nl":"Wet 132/2025: eerste nationale AI-wet van de EU in werking","title_en":"Law 132/2025: first national AI law in the EU enters into force","summary_nl":"Wet nr. 132 van 23 september 2025 (Gazzetta Ufficiale 25 september 2025) trad op 10 oktober 2025 in werking. De wet vult de AI-verordening aan met nationale principes, sectorale regels voor zorg, justitie, werk en overheid, en delegaties aan de regering voor uitvoeringsdecreten, waaronder het sanctieregime.","summary_en":"Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025 (Official Gazette 25 September 2025) entered into force on 10 October 2025. It complements the AI Act with national principles, sectoral rules for health, justice, labour and public administration, and delegations to the government for implementing decrees, including the sanctions regime.","articles":["70","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00143/sg","source_name":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana"},{"id":"designation-it-agid-and-acn-designated-as-national-ai-act-authorities","type":"designation","date":"2025-10-10","country":"IT","authority":"Italiaanse regering","title_nl":"AgID en ACN aangewezen als nationale AI Act-autoriteiten","title_en":"AgID and ACN designated as national AI Act authorities","summary_nl":"Artikel 20 van wet 132/2025 wijst AgID aan als notificerende autoriteit en ACN als markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact richting de EU-instellingen. ACN staat als nationale bevoegde autoriteit vermeld op de officiële AI Act Service Desk van de Europese Commissie.","summary_en":"Article 20 of Law 132/2025 designates AgID as notifying authority and ACN as market surveillance authority and single point of contact towards the EU institutions. ACN is listed as the national competent authority on the European Commission's official AI Act Service Desk.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/national-resources","source_name":"European Commission AI Act Service Desk"},{"id":"implementing_law-mt-legal-notices-226-and-227-of-2025-maltese-ai-act-implementation-framewor","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-10-10","country":"MT","authority":"Maltese regering","title_nl":"Legal Notices 226 en 227 van 2025: Maltees uitvoeringskader AI-verordening","title_en":"Legal Notices 226 and 227 of 2025: Maltese AI Act implementation framework","summary_nl":"De Artificial Intelligence Regulations 2025 (LN 226/2025) en de bijbehorende LN 227/2025 werden op 10 oktober 2025 gepubliceerd in Government Gazette nr. 21.519. LN 226 wijst de MDIA aan als voornaamste markttoezichtautoriteit en notificerende autoriteit en regelt handhavingsbevoegdheden, conformiteitsbeoordeling, de sandbox en het sanctiekader (maximaal 350.000 euro of 1 procent wereldwijde jaaromzet, plus dagboetes van 12.000 euro); LN 227 geeft de IDPC markttoezichtstaken voor onder meer AI-systemen in het rechtshandhavingsdomein.","summary_en":"The Artificial Intelligence Regulations 2025 (LN 226/2025) and the accompanying LN 227/2025 were published on 10 October 2025 in Government Gazette No. 21,519. LN 226 designates the MDIA as principal market surveillance authority and notifying authority and sets enforcement powers, conformity assessment, the sandbox and the penalty framework (up to 350,000 euros or 1 percent of worldwide annual turnover, plus daily penalties of 12,000 euros); LN 227 gives the IDPC market surveillance tasks including for AI systems in the law enforcement domain.","articles":["70","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://legislation.mt/eli/ln/2025/226/eng","source_name":"Laws of Malta (legislation.mt), Legal Notice 226 of 2025"},{"id":"designation-mt-mdia-designated-as-market-surveillance-authority-and-contact-point-idpc-","type":"designation","date":"2025-10-10","country":"MT","authority":"Maltese regering","title_nl":"MDIA aangewezen als markttoezichtautoriteit en contactpunt, IDPC als tweede toezichthouder","title_en":"MDIA designated as market surveillance authority and contact point, IDPC as second supervisor","summary_nl":"Via LN 226/2025 is de MDIA de leidende markttoezichtautoriteit, het single point of contact en de enige nationale autoriteit voor de AI-sandbox. Via LN 227/2025 treedt de IDPC op als markttoezichtautoriteit voor specifieke hoog-risico en datagevoelige AI-systemen.","summary_en":"Under LN 226/2025 the MDIA is the lead market surveillance authority, the single point of contact and the sole national authority for the AI regulatory sandbox. Under LN 227/2025 the IDPC acts as market surveillance authority for specific high-risk and data-sensitive AI systems.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://mdia.gov.mt/services/artificial-intelligence/","source_name":"Malta Digital Innovation Authority (officiële site)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-launch-of-the-ai-act-service-desk-and-single-information-platform","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-10-08","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Lancering AI Act Service Desk en Single Information Platform","title_en":"Launch of the AI Act Service Desk and Single Information Platform","summary_nl":"De Commissie lanceert de AI Act Service Desk en het Single Information Platform als centraal loket voor de implementatie van de AI Act, met onder meer een Compliance Checker en een vragenformulier richting de Service Desk. Het platform start in het Engels, Frans en Duits en wordt begin 2026 uitgebreid naar alle 24 officiele EU-talen.","summary_en":"The Commission launches the AI Act Service Desk and the Single Information Platform as the central hub for AI Act implementation, including a Compliance Checker and an online form for questions to the Service Desk. The platform starts in English, French and German and expands to all 24 official EU languages in early 2026.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-launches-ai-act-service-desk-and-single-information-platform-support-ai-act","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"implementing_law-se-sou-2025-101-proposal-for-swedish-adaptation-act","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-10-06","country":"SE","authority":"","title_nl":"SOU 2025:101: voorstel Zweedse aanpassingswet","title_en":"SOU 2025:101: proposal for Swedish adaptation act","summary_nl":"De staatscommissie presenteerde het rapport Anpassningar till AI-foerordningen (SOU 2025:101), met een model van meerdere markttoezichthouders waarin PTS hoofdverantwoordelijk wordt, plus bepalingen over sancties en ten minste een door PTS beheerde regulatory sandbox. Beoogde inwerkingtreding: 2 augustus 2026; het voorstel doorloopt nog de consultatie.","summary_en":"The government inquiry presented its report Adaptations to the AI Regulation (SOU 2025:101), proposing a multi-authority market surveillance model with PTS in the lead, plus provisions on sanctions and at least one PTS-managed regulatory sandbox. Targeted entry into force: 2 August 2026; the proposal is still undergoing consultation.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/anpassningar-till-ai-forordningen_hdb3101/html/","source_name":"Riksdagen (SOU 2025:101)"},{"id":"implementing_law-cz-mpo-presents-draft-law-on-artificial-intelligence","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-09-26","country":"CZ","authority":"MPO","title_nl":"MPO presenteert wetsontwerp over kunstmatige intelligentie","title_en":"MPO presents draft law on artificial intelligence","summary_nl":"Het MPO rondde het wetsontwerp over kunstmatige intelligentie af, een minimalistische uitvoeringswet van circa tien pagina's. De ČTÚ wordt centraal contactpunt, het ÚNMZ notificerende autoriteit, en er komen regulatory sandboxes en lagere boetedrempels voor kleinere partijen. Het ontwerp doorliep het commentaartraject en wachtte daarna op behandeling door de regering.","summary_en":"The MPO finalised its draft AI law, a minimalist implementing act of roughly ten pages. The CTU becomes the single point of contact, UNMZ the notifying authority, and the draft adds regulatory sandboxes and lower penalty thresholds for smaller entities. It completed the comment procedure and then awaited government approval.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://mpo.gov.cz/cz/rozcestnik/pro-media/tiskove-zpravy/mpo-pripravilo-navrh-zakona-o-umele-inteligenci--cilem-je-vytvorit-co-nejlepsi-prostredi-pro-rozvoj-ai-v-cesku--289653/","source_name":"Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu (MPO)"},{"id":"designation-pt-anacom-designated-as-ai-supervisor-and-contact-point","type":"designation","date":"2025-09-19","country":"PT","authority":"Portugese regering (staatssecretaris voor Digitalisering)","title_nl":"ANACOM aangewezen als AI-toezichthouder en contactpunt","title_en":"ANACOM designated as AI supervisor and contact point","summary_nl":"De regering maakte op 19 september 2025 bekend dat ANACOM de nationale coördinerende autoriteit voor de AI-verordening wordt: markttoezichtautoriteit, notificerende autoriteit en centraal contactpunt richting de Europese Commissie en het AI Office. De officiële portal digital.gov.pt bevestigt ANACOM als de Portugese markttoezichtautoriteit in het governancemodel bij de AI-verordening.","summary_en":"On 19 September 2025 the government announced that ANACOM would become the national coordinating authority for the AI Act: market surveillance authority, notifying authority and central contact point towards the European Commission and the AI Office. The official portal digital.gov.pt confirms ANACOM as the Portuguese market surveillance authority in the AI Act governance model.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://digital.gov.pt/en/estrategia-digital/regulamentacao/ai-act/modelo-de-governacao","source_name":"Governo de Portugal, digital.gov.pt (governancemodel AI-verordening)"},{"id":"designation-ie-ireland-confirms-15-competent-authorities-and-interim-contact-point","type":"designation","date":"2025-09-16","country":"IE","authority":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment","title_nl":"Ierland bevestigt 15 bevoegde autoriteiten en interim contactpunt","title_en":"Ireland confirms 15 competent authorities and interim contact point","summary_nl":"De regering bevestigde de aanwijzing van in totaal 15 nationale bevoegde autoriteiten, waaronder de Central Bank of Ireland voor de financiele sector, Coimisiun na Mean voor media en de Data Protection Commission. Er kwam een interim single point of contact bij het Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment, met het voornemen om uiterlijk 2 augustus 2026 een nationale AI Office als centrale coordinator op te richten.","summary_en":"The government confirmed the designation of 15 national competent authorities in total, including the Central Bank of Ireland for finance, Coimisiun na Mean for media and the Data Protection Commission. An interim single point of contact was appointed within the Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment, with the intention to establish a national AI Office as central coordinator by 2 August 2026.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2025/september/20250916.html","source_name":"DETE"},{"id":"implementing_law-lv-saeima-adopts-law-on-digital-resilience-and-ai-use-in-the-financial-mark","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-09-11","country":"LV","authority":"Saeima / Latvijas Banka","title_nl":"Saeima neemt wet aan over digitale weerbaarheid en AI-gebruik op de financiële markt","title_en":"Saeima adopts law on digital resilience and AI use in the financial market","summary_nl":"Het Letse parlement nam in laatste lezing de wet aan die DORA en de AI-verordening toepast op financiële marktdeelnemers onder toezicht van Latvijas Banka. Voor verboden AI-praktijken door financiële marktdeelnemers gelden boetes tot 35 miljoen euro of 7 procent van de omzet, voor transparantieschendingen tot 7,5 miljoen euro of 1 procent. De wet trad op 1 oktober 2025 in werking en is de eerste Letse sanctiewetgeving onder de AI-verordening, beperkt tot de financiële sector.","summary_en":"The Latvian parliament adopted in final reading the law applying DORA and the AI Act to financial market participants supervised by the Bank of Latvia. Prohibited AI practices by financial market participants can be fined up to EUR 35 million or 7 percent of turnover, transparency violations up to EUR 7.5 million or 1 percent. The law entered into force on 1 October 2025 and is the first Latvian sanctions legislation under the AI Act, limited to the financial sector.","articles":["70","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://likumi.lv/ta/id/363378-finansu-tirgus-digitalas-darbibas-noturibas-un-maksliga-intelekta-izmantosanas-likums","source_name":"Likumi.lv: Finanšu tirgus digitālās darbības noturības un mākslīgā intelekta izmantošanas likums"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-lt-rrt-study-90-percent-of-supervisory-institutions-not-yet-ready-for-ai-ac","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-09-10","country":"LT","authority":"Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT)","title_nl":"RRT-onderzoek: 90 procent van de toezichthouders nog niet klaar voor AI Act-toezicht","title_en":"RRT study: 90 percent of supervisory institutions not yet ready for AI Act supervision","summary_nl":"Uit een door de RRT geïnitieerd onderzoek blijkt dat 90 procent van de bevraagde Litouwse instellingen onvoldoende voorbereid is op toezicht onder de AI-verordening, vooral door gebrek aan praktische kennis. De RRT kondigt een nationaal competentiecentrum voor AI-markttoezicht aan met 3 tot 5 experts, nationale opleidingsprogramma's voor toezichthouders en een gecoördineerde toezichtsmethodiek.","summary_en":"A study initiated by the RRT shows that 90 percent of surveyed Lithuanian institutions are insufficiently prepared for supervision under the AI Act, mainly due to a lack of practical expertise. The RRT announced a national AI market surveillance competence centre with 3 to 5 experts, national training programmes for supervisors and a coordinated supervision methodology.","articles":["70","74"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://sc.bns.lt/view/item/dirbtinio-intelekto-prieziura-lietuvoje-rrt-inicijuotas-tyrimas-rodo-butina-stiprinti-kompetencijas-514077","source_name":"BNS Spaudos centras (officieel RRT-persbericht)"},{"id":"designation-fr-france-announces-governance-scheme-dgccrf-to-be-contact-point","type":"designation","date":"2025-09-09","country":"FR","authority":"Direction generale des Entreprises / DGCCRF","title_nl":"Frankrijk kondigt governance-schema aan: DGCCRF wordt contactpunt","title_en":"France announces governance scheme: DGCCRF to be contact point","summary_nl":"De Direction generale des Entreprises publiceerde de beoogde verdeling van het AI Act-toezicht: de DGCCRF coordineert de sectorale autoriteiten en wordt single point of contact op grond van artikel 70 lid 2. De CNIL krijgt onder meer verboden praktijken, biometrie en AI op de werkvloer, Arcom manipulatieve en synthetische content, ACPR de financiele sector. Het schema geldt pas na parlementaire goedkeuring.","summary_en":"The Directorate-General for Enterprises published the intended allocation of AI Act supervision: the DGCCRF coordinates the sectoral authorities and becomes single point of contact under Article 70(2). The CNIL takes prohibited practices, biometrics and workplace AI among others, Arcom manipulative and synthetic content, ACPR the financial sector. The scheme only takes effect after parliamentary approval.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/priorites-et-actions/transition-numerique/soutenir-le-developpement-de-lia-au-service-de-0","source_name":"Direction generale des Entreprises"},{"id":"designation-dk-danish-authorities-operational-for-article-5-supervision","type":"designation","date":"2025-08-02","country":"DK","authority":"","title_nl":"Deense autoriteiten operationeel voor artikel 5-toezicht","title_en":"Danish authorities operational for Article 5 supervision","summary_nl":"Per 2 augustus 2025 gelden de handhavingsbepalingen van de Deense uitvoeringswet. Digitaliseringsstyrelsen is het centrale contactpunt voor de AI-verordening; Digitaliseringsstyrelsen, Datatilsynet en Domstolsstyrelsen houden toezicht op de verboden AI-praktijken van artikel 5. Het toezicht op high-risk AI-systemen en de transparantieverplichtingen is nog niet volledig belegd.","summary_en":"As of 2 August 2025 the enforcement provisions of the Danish implementing act apply. The Danish Agency for Digital Government is the central contact point for the AI Regulation; the Agency for Digital Government, the Data Protection Authority and the Court Administration supervise the Article 5 prohibited AI practices. Supervision of high-risk AI systems and the transparency obligations has not yet been fully assigned.","articles":["5","70"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digst.dk/tilsyn/ai-forordningen/faq-om-ai-forordningen/","source_name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-gpai-obligations-and-governance-rules-apply-member-state-designation-dea","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-08-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / lidstaten","title_nl":"GPAI-verplichtingen en governance-regels van toepassing, aanwijsdeadline lidstaten","title_en":"GPAI obligations and governance rules apply, member state designation deadline","summary_nl":"De verplichtingen voor aanbieders van GPAI-modellen en de governance-bepalingen werden van toepassing. Lidstaten moesten uiterlijk deze datum hun markttoezicht- en notificerende autoriteiten aanwijzen en sanctieregels vaststellen. Een groot deel van de lidstaten, waaronder Nederland, Belgie, Luxemburg en Frankrijk, haalde die deadline niet.","summary_en":"The obligations for GPAI model providers and the governance provisions became applicable. Member states had to designate their market surveillance and notifying authorities and set penalty rules by this date. A large share of member states, including the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, missed that deadline.","articles":["70","99"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/national-implementation-plans/","source_name":"artificialintelligenceact.eu"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-deadline-for-designating-national-authorities-and-start-of-penalty-regim","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-08-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie","title_nl":"Deadline aanwijzing nationale autoriteiten en start sanctieregimes","title_en":"Deadline for designating national authorities and start of penalty regimes","summary_nl":"Uiterlijk 2 augustus 2025 moesten lidstaten hun markttoezichtautoriteit en notificerende autoriteit aanwijzen en bij de Commissie melden, en werden de nationale sancties op de verboden praktijken van artikel 5 van toepassing. Geen van de zes landen in dit cluster had op die datum een volledig werkend toezichtskader: Hongarije en Slovenië kregen hun kader pas in het najaar van 2025 rond, Polen in de zomer van 2026, en Tsjechië, Slowakije en Kroatië nog niet.","summary_en":"By 2 August 2025 member states had to designate their market surveillance authority and notifying authority and notify the Commission, and national penalties for the Article 5 prohibited practices became applicable. None of the six countries in this cluster had a fully operational supervisory framework by that date: Hungary and Slovenia completed theirs only in autumn 2025, Poland in summer 2026, while Czechia, Slovakia and Croatia have not yet done so.","articles":["70","5","99"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","source_name":"Europese Commissie, digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"},{"id":"implementing_law-sk-mirri-opens-consultation-on-draft-ai-law","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-08-01","country":"SK","authority":"MIRRI","title_nl":"MIRRI brengt AI-wetsontwerp in consultatie","title_en":"MIRRI opens consultation on draft AI law","summary_nl":"MIRRI presenteerde de ontwerpen van de wet over kunstmatige intelligentie en de wet over datagovernance en startte het interdepartementale commentaartraject. De AI-wet moet het institutionele toezichtskader voor de AI-verordening in Slowakije neerzetten.","summary_en":"MIRRI presented the draft law on artificial intelligence and the draft data governance law and launched the inter-ministerial comment procedure. The AI law is to establish Slovakia's institutional oversight framework for the AI Act.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://mirri.gov.sk/aktuality/digitalna-agenda/zodpovedna-digitalizacia-mirri-predstavilo-navrhy-zakonov-o-umelej-inteligencii-a-sprave-udajov/","source_name":"Ministerstvo investícií, regionálneho rozvoja a informatizácie SR (MIRRI)"},{"id":"designation-ie-s-i-no-366-2025-gives-legal-effect-to-first-eight-authorities","type":"designation","date":"2025-07-29","country":"IE","authority":"Regering van Ierland / DETE","title_nl":"S.I. No. 366/2025 geeft rechtskracht aan eerste acht autoriteiten","title_en":"S.I. No. 366/2025 gives legal effect to first eight authorities","summary_nl":"Het statutory instrument S.I. No. 366/2025 (European Union (Artificial Intelligence) (Designation) Regulations 2025) gaf rechtskracht aan het regeringsbesluit van maart 2025 om acht bestaande toezichthouders aan te wijzen als bevoegde autoriteiten onder de AI Act, volgens een gedistribueerd sectoraal model, en wees de minister van Enterprise, Trade and Employment aan als bevoegde autoriteit en single point of contact.","summary_en":"Statutory instrument S.I. No. 366/2025 (European Union (Artificial Intelligence) (Designation) Regulations 2025) gave legal effect to the government decision of March 2025 to designate eight existing regulators as competent authorities under the AI Act, following a distributed sectoral model, and appointed the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment as a competent authority and single point of contact.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2025/si/366/made/en/print","source_name":"Irish Statute Book"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-guidelines-for-providers-of-general-purpose-ai-models","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-07-18","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Richtsnoeren voor aanbieders van general-purpose AI-modellen","title_en":"Guidelines for providers of general-purpose AI models","summary_nl":"De Commissie publiceert richtsnoeren die verduidelijken wie als aanbieder van een general-purpose AI-model geldt, wanneer een model systeemrisico heeft en hoe het AI Office de GPAI-verplichtingen zal toepassen, inclusief uitzonderingen voor bepaalde open-sourcemodellen. Deze richtsnoeren vormen samen met de GPAI Code of Practice het handhavingskader waarop het AI Office zich sinds 2 augustus 2026 baseert.","summary_en":"The Commission publishes guidelines clarifying who qualifies as a provider of a general-purpose AI model, when a model poses systemic risk and how the AI Office will apply the GPAI obligations, including exemptions for certain open-source models. Together with the GPAI Code of Practice, these guidelines form the enforcement framework the AI Office relies on since 2 August 2026.","articles":["3","53","55"],"obligation_slugs":["article-53-gpai","article-55-gpai-systemic-risk"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/guidelines-gpai-providers","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-gpai-code-of-practice-published","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-07-10","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"GPAI Code of Practice gepubliceerd","title_en":"GPAI Code of Practice published","summary_nl":"Het AI Office publiceert de definitieve Code of Practice voor aanbieders van general-purpose AI-modellen, met hoofdstukken over transparantie, auteursrecht en veiligheid. De Commissie en de AI Board beoordelen de code vervolgens als adequaat vrijwillig instrument om naleving van de GPAI-verplichtingen aan te tonen. 21 partijen ondertekenen de volledige code, waaronder Amazon, Anthropic, Google, IBM, Microsoft, OpenAI en Mistral AI; xAI tekent alleen het hoofdstuk veiligheid en moet naleving van de transparantie- en auteursrechtverplichtingen op andere wijze aantonen. Kort daarna volgen de richtsnoeren over de reikwijdte van de GPAI-verplichtingen (18 juli 2025) en het sjabloon voor de samenvatting van trainingsdata (24 juli 2025).","summary_en":"The AI Office publishes the final Code of Practice for providers of general-purpose AI models, with chapters on transparency, copyright and safety and security. The Commission and the AI Board subsequently assess the code as an adequate voluntary tool to demonstrate compliance with the GPAI obligations. 21 organisations sign the full code, including Amazon, Anthropic, Google, IBM, Microsoft, OpenAI and Mistral AI; xAI signs only the safety and security chapter and must demonstrate compliance with the transparency and copyright obligations via alternative means. It is followed shortly by the guidelines on the scope of GPAI obligations (18 July 2025) and the training-data summary template (24 July 2025).","articles":["53","55","56"],"obligation_slugs":["article-53-gpai","article-55-gpai-systemic-risk"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"designation-bg-council-of-ministers-designates-seven-fundamental-rights-authorities-und","type":"designation","date":"2025-06-18","country":"BG","authority":"Ministerski savet (ministerraad)","title_nl":"Ministerraad wijst zeven grondrechtenautoriteiten aan onder de AI-verordening","title_en":"Council of Ministers designates seven fundamental rights authorities under the AI Act","summary_nl":"Met besluit 398 wees de Bulgaarse ministerraad zeven nationale instanties aan die grondrechten beschermen in de zin van artikel 77 van de AI-verordening, waaronder de nationale ombudsman, de centrale kiescommissie en de commissie voor bescherming tegen discriminatie. Dit is tot nu toe de enige formele aanwijzing van autoriteiten in Bulgarije onder de AI-verordening.","summary_en":"With Decision 398 the Bulgarian Council of Ministers designated seven national bodies protecting fundamental rights within the meaning of Article 77 of the AI Act, including the national Ombudsman, the Central Election Commission and the Commission for Protection against Discrimination. To date this is the only formal designation of authorities in Bulgaria under the AI Act.","articles":["77"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.bta.bg/en/news/economy/1040178-bulgaria-still-lacks-oversight-of-high-risk-ai-systems-sanctions-under-ai-act-r","source_name":"BTA (Bulgaars staatspersagentschap)"},{"id":"designation-cz-government-approves-ai-act-implementation-plan-mpo-becomes-coordinator","type":"designation","date":"2025-05-28","country":"CZ","authority":"Vláda ČR / MPO","title_nl":"Regering keurt implementatieplan AI Act goed, MPO wordt coördinator","title_en":"Government approves AI Act implementation plan, MPO becomes coordinator","summary_nl":"De Tsjechische regering keurde op 28 mei 2025 het voorstel voor de implementatie van de AI-verordening goed. Het MPO werd aangewezen als coördinerend ministerie en de ČTÚ als beoogd orgaan voor markttoezicht, naast rollen voor het ÚNMZ en het standaardisatieagentschap ČAS.","summary_en":"On 28 May 2025 the Czech government approved the proposal for implementing the AI Act. The MPO was designated coordinating ministry and the CTU as the intended market surveillance body, alongside roles for UNMZ and the standardisation agency CAS.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://mpo.gov.cz/cz/rozcestnik/pro-media/tiskove-zpravy/dalsi-krok-k-rozvoji-umele-inteligence-v-cesku--vlada-schvalila-navrh-na-zajisteni-implementace-ai-aktu--novym-gestorem-je-mpo--287763/","source_name":"Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu (MPO)"},{"id":"implementing_law-dk-act-no-467-danish-implementing-act-adopted","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-05-14","country":"DK","authority":"","title_nl":"Lov nr. 467: Deense uitvoeringswet aangenomen","title_en":"Act No. 467: Danish implementing act adopted","summary_nl":"Denemarken nam als een van de eerste lidstaten een uitvoeringswet aan (Lov om supplerende bestemmelser til forordningen om kunstig intelligens, nr. 467 van 14 mei 2025), met aanwijzing van bevoegde autoriteiten en een handhavingskader. De handhavingsbepalingen gelden sinds 2 augustus 2025.","summary_en":"Denmark was among the first Member States to adopt an implementing act (Act on supplementary provisions to the AI Regulation, No. 467 of 14 May 2025), designating competent authorities and creating an enforcement framework. The enforcement provisions apply since 2 August 2025.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2025/467","source_name":"Retsinformation (Deens staatsblad)"},{"id":"related_gdpr-ie-gdpr-case-dpc-opens-inquiry-into-x-over-grok-training","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2025-04-11","country":"IE","authority":"Data Protection Commission","title_nl":"AVG-zaak: DPC opent onderzoek naar X over training van Grok","title_en":"GDPR case: DPC opens inquiry into X over Grok training","summary_nl":"Uitdrukkelijk een AVG-zaak, geen AI Act-handhaving. De Data Protection Commission opende een onderzoek naar X Internet Unlimited Company over de verwerking van publiek toegankelijke posts van EU-gebruikers voor het trainen van de Grok-taalmodellen, met focus op rechtmatigheid en transparantie. Illustratief voor Iers toezicht op generatieve AI.","summary_en":"Explicitly a GDPR case, not AI Act enforcement. The Data Protection Commission opened an inquiry into X Internet Unlimited Company over the processing of publicly accessible posts of EU users for training the Grok large language models, focusing on lawfulness and transparency. Illustrative of Irish supervision of generative AI.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"ongoing","source_url":"https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/latest-news/data-protection-commission-announces-commencement-inquiry-x-internet-unlimited-company-xiuc","source_name":"Data Protection Commission"},{"id":"designation-lt-rrt-becomes-market-surveillance-authority-and-single-point-of-contact-in","type":"designation","date":"2025-04-01","country":"LT","authority":"Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT)","title_nl":"RRT wordt markttoezichtautoriteit en single point of contact, Innovatie-agentschap notificerende autoriteit","title_en":"RRT becomes market surveillance authority and single point of contact, Innovation Agency notifying authority","summary_nl":"Per 1 april 2025 is de Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT) de nationale bevoegde markttoezichtautoriteit en het algemene contactpunt onder de AI-verordening. Het Innovatie-agentschap is de notificerende autoriteit voor conformiteitsbeoordeling van AI-systemen met een hoog risico en leidt de nationale regulatory sandbox.","summary_en":"As of 1 April 2025 the Communications Regulatory Authority (RRT) is the national competent market surveillance authority and general contact point under the AI Act. The Innovation Agency is the notifying authority for conformity assessment of high-risk AI systems and leads the national regulatory sandbox.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://rrt.lt/veiklos-sritys/skaitmenine-erdve/di-informacija/di-reguliavimas","source_name":"RRT: DI reguliavimas"},{"id":"implementing_law-lv-saeima-adopts-the-artificial-intelligence-centre-law","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-03-06","country":"LV","authority":"Saeima","title_nl":"Saeima neemt de Wet op het Nationaal AI-centrum aan","title_en":"Saeima adopts the Artificial Intelligence Centre Law","summary_nl":"Het Letse parlement nam in laatste lezing de Mākslīgā intelekta centra likums aan, die het nationale AI-centrum opricht als spil voor AI-ontwikkeling en de nationale regulatory sandbox. De wet trad op 20 maart 2025 in werking. Dit is flankerende wetgeving bij de AI-verordening, geen sanctiewet.","summary_en":"The Latvian parliament adopted the Artificial Intelligence Centre Law in final reading, establishing the national AI centre as the hub for AI development and the national regulatory sandbox. The law entered into force on 20 March 2025. This is flanking legislation to the AI Act, not a penalties law.","articles":["57"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://likumi.lv/ta/id/359339-maksliga-intelekta-centra-likums","source_name":"Likumi.lv (officiële Letse wettenbank)"},{"id":"designation-lv-cabinet-reviews-ai-act-implementation-plan-and-allocates-supervisory-rol","type":"designation","date":"2025-02-25","country":"LV","authority":"Ministru kabinets / VARAM","title_nl":"Kabinet behandelt uitvoeringsplan AI-verordening en verdeelt toezichtsrollen","title_en":"Cabinet reviews AI Act implementation plan and allocates supervisory roles","summary_nl":"De Letse ministerraad behandelde het informatieve rapport over de uitvoering van de AI-verordening. VARAM coördineert, het Ministerie van Economische Zaken wordt notificerende autoriteit, de Tiesībsargs grondrechtenautoriteit en meerdere sectorale instanties, waaronder het Consumentenrechtenbeschermingscentrum, de Datu valsts inspekcija en Latvijas Banka, delen het markttoezicht. De Datu valsts inspekcija krijgt het toezicht op verboden praktijken en AI-systemen met een hoog risico.","summary_en":"The Latvian Cabinet of Ministers reviewed the informational report on implementing the AI Act. VARAM coordinates, the Ministry of Economics becomes the notifying authority, the Ombudsman the fundamental rights authority, and multiple sectoral bodies including the Consumer Rights Protection Centre, the Data State Inspectorate and the Bank of Latvia share market surveillance. The Data State Inspectorate is assigned supervision of prohibited practices and high-risk AI systems.","articles":["70","77"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/latvija-sper-soli-preti-drosam-un-atbildigam-maksligajam-intelektam-valdiba-izskata-mi-akta-ieviesanas-planu","source_name":"VARAM (Ministerie van Slim Bestuur en Regionale Ontwikkeling)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-commission-publishes-guidelines-on-prohibited-ai-practices-article-5","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-02-04","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie / AI Office","title_nl":"Commissie publiceert richtsnoeren over verboden AI-praktijken (artikel 5)","title_en":"Commission publishes guidelines on prohibited AI practices (Article 5)","summary_nl":"De Europese Commissie publiceert richtsnoeren over de verboden AI-praktijken van artikel 5 AI Act, waaronder schadelijke manipulatie, social scoring en realtime biometrische identificatie op afstand. De richtsnoeren geven juridische uitleg en praktijkvoorbeelden en vormen het interpretatiekader voor nationale handhaving van de verboden die sinds 2 februari 2025 gelden. Ze zijn niet bindend; de definitieve uitleg is aan het Hof van Justitie van de EU.","summary_en":"The European Commission publishes guidelines on the prohibited AI practices under Article 5 of the AI Act, including harmful manipulation, social scoring and real-time remote biometric identification. The guidelines provide legal explanations and practical examples and form the interpretive framework for national enforcement of the prohibitions applicable since 2 February 2025. They are non-binding; definitive interpretation rests with the Court of Justice of the EU.","articles":["5"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-publishes-guidelines-prohibited-artificial-intelligence-ai-practices-defined-ai-act","source_name":"Europese Commissie (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-nl-dutch-dpa-gathers-input-on-prohibited-ai-practices","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-02-02","country":"NL","authority":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens","title_nl":"AP verzamelt input over verboden AI-praktijken","title_en":"Dutch DPA gathers input on prohibited AI practices","summary_nl":"Rond het van toepassing worden van de verbodsbepalingen van artikel 5 op 2 februari 2025 deed de AP, als beoogd coordinerend toezichthouder op verboden AI, een reeks publieke oproepen tot input, onder meer over manipulatieve en misleidende AI-systemen, over emotieherkenning op de werkvloer en in het onderwijs en over social scoring. Hiermee bereidde de AP het toezicht op artikel 5 actief voor.","summary_en":"Around the prohibitions of Article 5 becoming applicable on 2 February 2025, the Dutch DPA, as intended coordinating supervisor for prohibited AI, ran a series of public calls for input, including on manipulative and deceptive AI systems, on emotion recognition in the workplace and education, and on social scoring. This actively prepared its Article 5 supervision.","articles":["5"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"concluded","source_url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai/eu-ai-act/input-on-prohibited-ai-systems","source_name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens"},{"id":"enforcement_signal-eu-prohibited-ai-practices-apply-across-the-eu","type":"enforcement_signal","date":"2025-02-02","country":"EU","authority":"Europese Commissie","title_nl":"Verboden AI-praktijken van kracht in de hele EU","title_en":"Prohibited AI practices apply across the EU","summary_nl":"De verbodsbepalingen van artikel 5 (onder meer social scoring, manipulatieve AI en emotieherkenning op de werkvloer) werden van toepassing in alle lidstaten. Nationale sancties op overtredingen zijn van toepassing sinds 2 augustus 2025.","summary_en":"The prohibitions of Article 5 (including social scoring, manipulative AI and workplace emotion recognition) became applicable in all member states. National penalties for violations apply since 2 August 2025.","articles":["5"],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","source_name":"Europese Commissie, digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"},{"id":"designation-be-coalition-agreement-names-bipt-as-intended-central-ai-supervisor","type":"designation","date":"2025-01-31","country":"BE","authority":"Federale regering / FOD Economie","title_nl":"Regeerakkoord wijst BIPT aan als beoogd centraal AI-toezichthouder","title_en":"Coalition agreement names BIPT as intended central AI supervisor","summary_nl":"Het federale regeerakkoord van de regering-De Wever voorziet dat het BIPT bijkomende centrale coordinatie verzekert ter ondersteuning van sectorale markttoezichtautoriteiten, met de FOD Economie als coordinator van de implementatie van de AI Act. Deze aanwijzing is nog niet in wetgeving omgezet.","summary_en":"The federal coalition agreement of the De Wever government foresees that BIPT will provide additional central coordination supporting sectoral market surveillance authorities, with the FPS Economy coordinating AI Act implementation. This designation has not yet been enacted in legislation.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://data-en-maatschappij.ai/uploads/Nieuws-downloads/Policy-brief-Implementing-the-AI-act-in-Belgium.pdf","source_name":"Kenniscentrum Data & Maatschappij (policy brief)"},{"id":"implementing_law-lt-seimas-adopts-amendments-to-the-law-on-technology-and-innovation-impleme","type":"implementing_law","date":"2025-01-14","country":"LT","authority":"Seimas / Regering van Litouwen","title_nl":"Seimas neemt wijzigingen van de Wet op technologie en innovatie aan voor uitvoering van de AI-verordening","title_en":"Seimas adopts amendments to the Law on Technology and Innovation implementing the AI Act","summary_nl":"Het Litouwse parlement nam wijzigingen aan van de Wet op technologie en innovatie (nr. XIII-1414) en aanverwante wetgeving die het institutionele kader voor de AI-verordening vastleggen, waaronder de aanwijzing van de RRT als markttoezichtautoriteit, het Innovatie-agentschap als notificerende autoriteit en de basis voor een nationale AI-sandbox.","summary_en":"The Lithuanian parliament adopted amendments to the Law on Technology and Innovation (No XIII-1414) and related legislation establishing the institutional framework for the AI Act, including the designation of the RRT as market surveillance authority, the Innovation Agency as notifying authority and the basis for a national AI sandbox.","articles":["70"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/3a00ca517f7d11e89188e16a6495e98c","source_name":"e-Seimas (officieel wetgevingsregister): Technologijų ir inovacijų įstatymas Nr. XIII-1414, geconsolideerde versie"},{"id":"implementing_law-lu-bill-8476-designates-cnpd-as-central-ai-supervisor","type":"implementing_law","date":"2024-12-23","country":"LU","authority":"Regering van Luxemburg / Chambre des Deputes","title_nl":"Wetsvoorstel 8476 wijst CNPD aan als centrale AI-toezichthouder","title_en":"Bill 8476 designates CNPD as central AI supervisor","summary_nl":"De regering diende wetsvoorstel 8476 in bij de Chambre des Deputes. Het maakt de CNPD default-markttoezichtautoriteit voor Annex III-systemen en niet-sectorale AI, nationaal coordinator en single point of contact. ALIA wordt toezichthouder op de output-transparantie van artikel 50, leden 2 en 4, en een controleautoriteit voor justitie dekt AI-gebruik door rechtbanken en het openbaar ministerie. Het voorstel was medio 2026 nog niet aangenomen.","summary_en":"The government filed bill 8476 with the Chamber of Deputies. It makes the CNPD the default market surveillance authority for Annex III systems and non-sectoral AI, national coordinator and single point of contact. ALIA becomes the supervisor for the output transparency of Article 50(2) and (4), and a judicial control authority covers AI use by courts and prosecutors. The bill had not yet been adopted as of mid-2026.","articles":["70","50"],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"announced","source_url":"https://www.chd.lu/en/node/3016","source_name":"Chambre des Deputes"},{"id":"gdpr-it-garante-openai-2024","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2024-12-20","country":"IT","authority":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","title_nl":"Italiaanse toezichthouder beboet OpenAI met 15 miljoen euro","title_en":"Italian authority fines OpenAI 15 million euros","summary_nl":"De Garante sloot het onderzoek naar ChatGPT af met een boete van 15 miljoen euro voor het trainen op persoonsgegevens zonder passende grondslag en gebrekkige informatievoorziening. De rechtbank van Rome vernietigde de boete op 18 maart 2026: na de vestiging van OpenAI in Ierland liep de bevoegdheid via het one-stop-shopmechanisme, en de rechter kwam aan de inhoudelijke verwijten niet toe. Voor GPAI-modellen gelden sinds 2 augustus 2025 de eigen documentatie- en transparantieplichten van de AI Act, met handhaving door het AI Office in plaats van nationale privacytoezichthouders.","summary_en":"The Garante closed its ChatGPT investigation with a 15 million euro fine for training on personal data without an appropriate legal basis and inadequate information. The Court of Rome annulled the fine on 18 March 2026: after OpenAI established itself in Ireland, jurisdiction ran through the one-stop-shop mechanism, and the court never reached the substantive allegations. Since 2 August 2025, GPAI models carry their own documentation and transparency duties under the AI Act, enforced by the AI Office rather than national privacy authorities.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":["article-53-gpai"],"amount_eur":15000000,"status":"annulled","source_url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/10085432","source_name":"Garante, besluit 2 november 2024, bekendgemaakt 20 december 2024"},{"id":"designation-hr-croatia-publishes-fundamental-rights-authorities-under-article-77","type":"designation","date":"2024-12-05","country":"HR","authority":"Ministarstvo pravosuđa, uprave i digitalne transformacije","title_nl":"Kroatië publiceert grondrechtenautoriteiten onder artikel 77","title_en":"Croatia publishes fundamental rights authorities under Article 77","summary_nl":"Het Ministerie van Justitie, Bestuur en Digitale Transformatie publiceerde de lijst van bevoegde autoriteiten op grond van artikel 77, lid 2: de Ombudsvrouw, de Kinderombudsvrouw, de Ombudsvrouw voor gendergelijkheid, de Ombudsvrouw voor personen met een handicap, het agentschap voor gegevensbescherming AZOP, de nationale kiescommissie en het agentschap voor elektronische media. Dit betreft grondrechtentoezicht, niet het markttoezicht.","summary_en":"The Ministry of Justice, Public Administration and Digital Transformation published the list of competent authorities under Article 77(2): the Ombudsperson, the Children's Ombudsperson, the Gender Equality Ombudsperson, the Disability Ombudsperson, the data protection agency AZOP, the State Electoral Commission and the Electronic Media Agency. This concerns fundamental rights oversight, not market surveillance.","articles":["77"],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://mpudt.gov.hr/vijesti/objavljen-popis-nadleznih-tijela-sukladno-uredbi-o-umjetnoj-inteligenciji/29657","source_name":"Ministarstvo pravosuđa, uprave i digitalne transformacije"},{"id":"gdpr-nl-ap-clearview-2024","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2024-09-03","country":"NL","authority":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP)","title_nl":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens beboet Clearview AI met 30,5 miljoen euro","title_en":"Dutch DPA fines Clearview AI 30.5 million euros","summary_nl":"De AP legde Clearview AI een boete van 30,5 miljoen euro op voor het opbouwen van een illegale database met miljarden gezichtsbeelden, ook van Nederlanders. De AP waarschuwde bovendien expliciet dat het gebruik van Clearview door Nederlandse organisaties verboden is. Deze scrapingpraktijk valt nu ook onder het verbod van artikel 5 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Dutch DPA fined Clearview AI 30.5 million euros for building an illegal database of billions of facial images, including of Dutch citizens. The DPA also explicitly warned that use of Clearview by Dutch organisations is prohibited. This scraping practice now also falls under the Article 5 prohibition of the AI Act.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":30500000,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/documents/decision-fine-clearview-ai","source_name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, boetebesluit, bekendgemaakt 3 september 2024"},{"id":"gdpr-fr-cnil-amazon-2023","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2023-12-27","country":"FR","authority":"Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL)","title_nl":"CNIL beboet Amazon France Logistique met 32 miljoen euro voor werknemersmonitoring","title_en":"CNIL fines Amazon France Logistique 32 million euros for employee monitoring","summary_nl":"De CNIL legde Amazon France Logistique een boete van 32 miljoen euro op voor een te indringend systeem dat de activiteit van magazijnmedewerkers via scanners tot op de seconde volgde. Algoritmische monitoring van werknemers is onder de AI Act een hoog-risicotoepassing (bijlage III, werkgelegenheid), met verplichtingen die per 2 december 2027 gaan gelden.","summary_en":"The CNIL fined Amazon France Logistique 32 million euros for an excessively intrusive system that tracked warehouse workers’ activity via scanners down to the second. Under the AI Act, algorithmic monitoring of workers is a high-risk use (Annex III, employment), with obligations applying from 2 December 2027.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":["annex-iii-high-risk"],"amount_eur":32000000,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/employee-monitoring-cnil-fined-amazon-france-logistique-eu32-million","source_name":"CNIL, besluit SAN-2023-021"},{"id":"designation-es-aesia-statute-approved-by-royal-decree-729-2023","type":"designation","date":"2023-08-22","country":"ES","authority":"Consejo de Ministros","title_nl":"Statuut AESIA vastgesteld bij Real Decreto 729/2023","title_en":"AESIA statute approved by Royal Decree 729/2023","summary_nl":"Real Decreto 729/2023 van 22 augustus 2023 (BOE 2 september 2023, in werking 3 september 2023) keurt het statuut goed van AESIA, de Spaanse toezichthouder voor artificiële intelligentie met zetel in A Coruña. AESIA kreeg taken op het gebied van toezicht, advisering, bewustwording en training en fungeert als spil van het Spaanse AI Act-toezicht.","summary_en":"Royal Decree 729/2023 of 22 August 2023 (Official Gazette 2 September 2023, in force 3 September 2023) approves the statute of AESIA, the Spanish AI supervisory agency seated in A Coruña. AESIA was given supervision, advisory, awareness and training tasks and acts as the hub of Spain's AI Act oversight.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":null,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","source_name":"Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE-A-2023-18911)"},{"id":"gdpr-it-garante-chatgpt-2023","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2023-03-30","country":"IT","authority":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","title_nl":"Italiaanse toezichthouder legt ChatGPT tijdelijke beperking op","title_en":"Italian authority imposes temporary limitation on ChatGPT","summary_nl":"De Garante legde OpenAI een tijdelijke verwerkingsbeperking op voor ChatGPT wegens het ontbreken van een grondslag en van leeftijdsverificatie. De beperking werd eind april 2023 opgeheven nadat OpenAI maatregelen trof. De zaak liet vroeg zien dat Europese toezichthouders generatieve AI direct kunnen raken; de transparantie- en informatieplichten voor zulke systemen staan nu in artikel 50 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Garante imposed a temporary processing limitation on OpenAI for ChatGPT over the lack of a legal basis and of age verification. The limitation was lifted at the end of April 2023 after OpenAI took measures. The case showed early on that European authorities can directly affect generative AI; the transparency and information duties for such systems now sit in Article 50 of the AI Act.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":["article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":null,"status":"concluded","source_url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9870832","source_name":"Garante, maatregel 30 maart 2023"},{"id":"related_gdpr-fr-gdpr-case-cnil-fines-clearview-ai-20-million-euros","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2022-10-20","country":"FR","authority":"CNIL","title_nl":"AVG-zaak: CNIL beboet Clearview AI met 20 miljoen euro","title_en":"GDPR case: CNIL fines Clearview AI 20 million euros","summary_nl":"Uitdrukkelijk een AVG-zaak, geen AI Act-handhaving. De CNIL legde gezichtsherkenningsbedrijf Clearview AI de maximale boete van 20 miljoen euro op wegens onrechtmatige verwerking van biometrische gegevens en gebood te stoppen met het verzamelen van gegevens van personen in Frankrijk. Illustratief voor de Franse lijn op biometrische AI.","summary_en":"Explicitly a GDPR case, not AI Act enforcement. The CNIL imposed the maximum fine of 20 million euros on facial recognition company Clearview AI for unlawful processing of biometric data and ordered it to stop collecting data on persons in France. Illustrative of the French approach to biometric AI.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":[],"amount_eur":20000000,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/facial-recognition-20-million-euros-penalty-against-clearview-ai","source_name":"CNIL"},{"id":"gdpr-gr-hdpa-clearview-2022","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2022-07-13","country":"EL","authority":"Hellenic Data Protection Authority","title_nl":"Griekse toezichthouder beboet Clearview AI met 20 miljoen euro","title_en":"Greek authority fines Clearview AI 20 million euros","summary_nl":"De Griekse toezichthouder legde Clearview AI een boete van 20 miljoen euro op voor het verwerken van biometrische gegevens van Griekse burgers zonder rechtmatige grondslag. Dezelfde praktijk, het opbouwen van een gezichtsherkenningsdatabase door scraping, valt nu onder het verbod van artikel 5 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Greek authority fined Clearview AI 20 million euros for processing biometric data of Greek citizens without a lawful basis. The same practice, building a facial recognition database through scraping, now falls under the Article 5 prohibition of the AI Act.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":20000000,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.dpa.gr/en/enimerwtiko/prakseisArxis/imposition-fine-clearview-ai-inc","source_name":"HDPA, besluit 35/2022, 13 juli 2022"},{"id":"gdpr-it-garante-clearview-2022","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2022-03-09","country":"IT","authority":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","title_nl":"Italiaanse toezichthouder beboet Clearview AI met 20 miljoen euro","title_en":"Italian authority fines Clearview AI 20 million euros","summary_nl":"De Garante legde Clearview AI een boete van 20 miljoen euro op voor het zonder grondslag verzamelen van gezichtsbeelden van internet voor een biometrische zoekdatabase. Het ongericht scrapen van gezichtsbeelden om gezichtsherkenningsdatabases op te bouwen is sinds 2 februari 2025 expliciet verboden onder artikel 5 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Garante fined Clearview AI 20 million euros for collecting facial images from the internet without a legal basis to build a biometric search database. Untargeted scraping of facial images to build facial recognition databases has been explicitly prohibited under Article 5 of the AI Act since 2 February 2025.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices"],"amount_eur":20000000,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9751362","source_name":"Garante, besluit 10 februari 2022"},{"id":"gdpr-hu-naih-budapest-bank-2022","type":"related_gdpr","date":"2022-02-08","country":"HU","authority":"Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság (NAIH)","title_nl":"Hongaarse toezichthouder beboet bank voor AI-stemanalyse van klantgesprekken","title_en":"Hungarian authority fines bank for AI voice analysis of customer calls","summary_nl":"De NAIH legde een boete van 250 miljoen forint (ongeveer 700.000 euro) op aan een bank die servicegesprekken automatisch met AI op emotie analyseerde, zonder geldige grondslag en zonder de klanten daarover te informeren. Emotieherkenning op de werkvloer en in het onderwijs valt inmiddels onder het verbod van artikel 5 van de AI Act; in klantcontact gelden de transparantieplichten van artikel 50.","summary_en":"The NAIH imposed a fine of 250 million forints (around 700,000 euros) on a bank that automatically analysed customer service calls for emotion with AI, without a valid legal basis and without informing customers. Emotion recognition in the workplace and in education now falls under the Article 5 prohibition of the AI Act; in customer contact the Article 50 transparency duties apply.","articles":[],"obligation_slugs":["article-5-prohibited-practices","article-50-transparency"],"amount_eur":700000,"status":"final","source_url":"https://www.naih.hu/hatarozatok-vegzesek?download=517:mesterseges-intelligencia-alkalmazasa","source_name":"NAIH besluit NAIH-85-3/2022"}],"rulings":[{"id":"praxikon:eu:gdpr:ruling:it-garante-openai-2024","basis":"related_gdpr","forum":"supervisory_authority","authority":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","jurisdiction":"IT","case_reference":"Garante, docweb 10085432","decided_at":"2024-12-20","recorded_at":"2026-08-13","status":"annulled","title_nl":"Italiaanse toezichthouder beboet OpenAI met 15 miljoen euro","title_en":"Italian authority fines OpenAI 15 million euros","summary_nl":"De Garante sloot het onderzoek naar ChatGPT af met een boete van 15 miljoen euro voor het trainen op persoonsgegevens zonder passende grondslag en gebrekkige informatievoorziening. De rechtbank van Rome vernietigde de boete op 18 maart 2026: na de vestiging van OpenAI in Ierland liep de bevoegdheid via het one-stop-shopmechanisme, en de rechter kwam aan de inhoudelijke verwijten niet toe. Voor GPAI-modellen gelden sinds 2 augustus 2025 de eigen documentatie- en transparantieplichten van de AI Act, met handhaving door het AI Office in plaats van nationale privacytoezichthouders.","summary_en":"The Garante closed its ChatGPT investigation with a 15 million euro fine for training on personal data without an appropriate legal basis and inadequate information. The Court of Rome annulled the fine on 18 March 2026: after OpenAI established itself in Ireland, jurisdiction ran through the one-stop-shop mechanism, and the court never reached the substantive allegations. Since 2 August 2025, GPAI models carry their own documentation and transparency duties under the AI Act, enforced by the AI Office rather than national privacy authorities.","provisions":[{"obligation_slug":"article-53-gpai","relation":"illustrates","locator":"Garante, besluit van 2 november 2024, bekendgemaakt op 20 december 2024, docweb 10085432","note_nl":"Een boete over het trainen van een model op persoonsgegevens, onder de AVG, later vernietigd op de bevoegdheidsvraag. De documentatie- en transparantieplichten voor GPAI-modellen staan in artikel 53 van de AI-verordening en worden door het AI Office gehandhaafd; over de uitleg daarvan zegt dit besluit niets.","note_en":"A fine over training a model on personal data, under the GDPR, later annulled on the question of jurisdiction. The documentation and transparency duties for GPAI models sit in Article 53 of the AI Act and are enforced by the AI Office; this decision says nothing about how they are to be read."}],"source_url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/10085432","source_name":"Garante, besluit 2 november 2024, bekendgemaakt 20 december 2024","derived_from_event_id":"gdpr-it-garante-openai-2024"},{"id":"praxikon:eu:gdpr:ruling:nl-ap-clearview-2024","basis":"related_gdpr","forum":"supervisory_authority","authority":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP)","jurisdiction":"NL","case_reference":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, boetebesluit Clearview AI","decided_at":"2024-09-03","recorded_at":"2026-08-13","status":"final","title_nl":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens beboet Clearview AI met 30,5 miljoen euro","title_en":"Dutch DPA fines Clearview AI 30.5 million euros","summary_nl":"De AP legde Clearview AI een boete van 30,5 miljoen euro op voor het opbouwen van een illegale database met miljarden gezichtsbeelden, ook van Nederlanders. De AP waarschuwde bovendien expliciet dat het gebruik van Clearview door Nederlandse organisaties verboden is. Deze scrapingpraktijk valt nu ook onder het verbod van artikel 5 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Dutch DPA fined Clearview AI 30.5 million euros for building an illegal database of billions of facial images, including of Dutch citizens. The DPA also explicitly warned that use of Clearview by Dutch organisations is prohibited. This scraping practice now also falls under the Article 5 prohibition of the AI Act.","provisions":[{"obligation_slug":"article-5-prohibited-practices","relation":"illustrates","locator":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, boetebesluit bekendgemaakt op 3 september 2024","note_nl":"De Nederlandse toezichthouder beboette dezelfde databank en waarschuwde daarnaast dat gebruik door Nederlandse organisaties verboden is. Die waarschuwing steunt op de AVG; het verbod op ongericht scrapen van gezichtsbeelden in artikel 5 van de AI-verordening staat daar los van.","note_en":"The Dutch authority fined the same database and additionally warned that use by Dutch organisations is prohibited. That warning rests on the GDPR; the Article 5 prohibition on untargeted scraping of facial images in the AI Act stands separately from it."}],"source_url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/documents/decision-fine-clearview-ai","source_name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, boetebesluit, bekendgemaakt 3 september 2024","derived_from_event_id":"gdpr-nl-ap-clearview-2024"},{"id":"praxikon:eu:gdpr:ruling:fr-cnil-amazon-2023","basis":"related_gdpr","forum":"supervisory_authority","authority":"Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL)","jurisdiction":"FR","case_reference":"CNIL SAN-2023-021","decided_at":"2023-12-27","recorded_at":"2026-08-13","status":"final","title_nl":"CNIL beboet Amazon France Logistique met 32 miljoen euro voor werknemersmonitoring","title_en":"CNIL fines Amazon France Logistique 32 million euros for employee monitoring","summary_nl":"De CNIL legde Amazon France Logistique een boete van 32 miljoen euro op voor een te indringend systeem dat de activiteit van magazijnmedewerkers via scanners tot op de seconde volgde. Algoritmische monitoring van werknemers is onder de AI Act een hoog-risicotoepassing (bijlage III, werkgelegenheid), met verplichtingen die per 2 december 2027 gaan gelden.","summary_en":"The CNIL fined Amazon France Logistique 32 million euros for an excessively intrusive system that tracked warehouse workers’ activity via scanners down to the second. Under the AI Act, algorithmic monitoring of workers is a high-risk use (Annex III, employment), with obligations applying from 2 December 2027.","provisions":[{"obligation_slug":"annex-iii-high-risk","relation":"illustrates","locator":"CNIL, besluit SAN-2023-021 van 27 december 2023","note_nl":"Algoritmische monitoring van magazijnmedewerkers, beoordeeld onder de AVG. Onder de AI-verordening valt dit soort gebruik in de werkgelegenheidscategorie van bijlage III, met plichten die per 2 december 2027 gaan gelden; dit besluit gaat over geen van die plichten.","note_en":"Algorithmic monitoring of warehouse workers, decided under the GDPR. Under the AI Act this kind of use falls in the employment category of Annex III, with obligations applying from 2 December 2027; this decision concerns none of those obligations."}],"source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/employee-monitoring-cnil-fined-amazon-france-logistique-eu32-million","source_name":"CNIL, besluit SAN-2023-021","derived_from_event_id":"gdpr-fr-cnil-amazon-2023"},{"id":"praxikon:eu:gdpr:ruling:it-garante-chatgpt-2023","basis":"related_gdpr","forum":"supervisory_authority","authority":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","jurisdiction":"IT","case_reference":"Garante, docweb 9870832","decided_at":"2023-03-30","recorded_at":"2026-08-13","status":"withdrawn","title_nl":"Italiaanse toezichthouder legt ChatGPT tijdelijke beperking op","title_en":"Italian authority imposes temporary limitation on ChatGPT","summary_nl":"De Garante legde OpenAI een tijdelijke verwerkingsbeperking op voor ChatGPT wegens het ontbreken van een grondslag en van leeftijdsverificatie. De beperking werd eind april 2023 opgeheven nadat OpenAI maatregelen trof. De zaak liet vroeg zien dat Europese toezichthouders generatieve AI direct kunnen raken; de transparantie- en informatieplichten voor zulke systemen staan nu in artikel 50 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Garante imposed a temporary processing limitation on OpenAI for ChatGPT over the lack of a legal basis and of age verification. The limitation was lifted at the end of April 2023 after OpenAI took measures. The case showed early on that European authorities can directly affect generative AI; the transparency and information duties for such systems now sit in Article 50 of the AI Act.","provisions":[{"obligation_slug":"article-50-transparency","relation":"illustrates","locator":"Garante, maatregel van 30 maart 2023, docweb 9870832","note_nl":"Een tijdelijke verwerkingsbeperking op een generatief systeem, opgelegd en later opgeheven onder de AVG. De transparantie- en informatieplichten voor zulke systemen staan in artikel 50 van de AI-verordening; deze maatregel steunt daar niet op.","note_en":"A temporary processing limitation on a generative system, imposed and later lifted under the GDPR. The transparency and information duties for such systems sit in Article 50 of the AI Act; this measure does not rest on it."}],"source_url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9870832","source_name":"Garante, maatregel 30 maart 2023","derived_from_event_id":"gdpr-it-garante-chatgpt-2023"},{"id":"praxikon:eu:gdpr:ruling:el-hdpa-clearview-2022","basis":"related_gdpr","forum":"supervisory_authority","authority":"Hellenic Data Protection Authority","jurisdiction":"EL","case_reference":"HDPA 35/2022","decided_at":"2022-07-13","recorded_at":"2026-08-13","status":"final","title_nl":"Griekse toezichthouder beboet Clearview AI met 20 miljoen euro","title_en":"Greek authority fines Clearview AI 20 million euros","summary_nl":"De Griekse toezichthouder legde Clearview AI een boete van 20 miljoen euro op voor het verwerken van biometrische gegevens van Griekse burgers zonder rechtmatige grondslag. Dezelfde praktijk, het opbouwen van een gezichtsherkenningsdatabase door scraping, valt nu onder het verbod van artikel 5 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Greek authority fined Clearview AI 20 million euros for processing biometric data of Greek citizens without a lawful basis. The same practice, building a facial recognition database through scraping, now falls under the Article 5 prohibition of the AI Act.","provisions":[{"obligation_slug":"article-5-prohibited-practices","relation":"illustrates","locator":"HDPA, besluit 35/2022 van 13 juli 2022","note_nl":"Tweede toezichthouder, dezelfde praktijk, dezelfde uitkomst onder de AVG. Dat twee autoriteiten los van elkaar tot een boete kwamen, zegt iets over de praktijk en niets over de uitleg van artikel 5 van de AI-verordening.","note_en":"A second authority, the same practice, the same outcome under the GDPR. That two authorities reached a fine independently says something about the practice and nothing about how Article 5 of the AI Act is to be read."}],"source_url":"https://www.dpa.gr/en/enimerwtiko/prakseisArxis/imposition-fine-clearview-ai-inc","source_name":"HDPA, besluit 35/2022, 13 juli 2022","derived_from_event_id":"gdpr-gr-hdpa-clearview-2022"},{"id":"praxikon:eu:gdpr:ruling:it-garante-clearview-2022","basis":"related_gdpr","forum":"supervisory_authority","authority":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","jurisdiction":"IT","case_reference":"Garante, docweb 9751362","decided_at":"2022-03-09","recorded_at":"2026-08-13","status":"final","title_nl":"Italiaanse toezichthouder beboet Clearview AI met 20 miljoen euro","title_en":"Italian authority fines Clearview AI 20 million euros","summary_nl":"De Garante legde Clearview AI een boete van 20 miljoen euro op voor het zonder grondslag verzamelen van gezichtsbeelden van internet voor een biometrische zoekdatabase. Het ongericht scrapen van gezichtsbeelden om gezichtsherkenningsdatabases op te bouwen is sinds 2 februari 2025 expliciet verboden onder artikel 5 van de AI Act.","summary_en":"The Garante fined Clearview AI 20 million euros for collecting facial images from the internet without a legal basis to build a biometric search database. Untargeted scraping of facial images to build facial recognition databases has been explicitly prohibited under Article 5 of the AI Act since 2 February 2025.","provisions":[{"obligation_slug":"article-5-prohibited-practices","relation":"illustrates","locator":"Garante, besluit van 10 februari 2022, docweb 9751362","note_nl":"Ongericht verzamelen van gezichtsbeelden voor een biometrische zoekdatabase, beoordeeld onder de AVG. Dezelfde praktijk is sinds 2 februari 2025 met zoveel woorden verboden in artikel 5 van de AI-verordening; dit besluit gaat daar niet over.","note_en":"Untargeted collection of facial images for a biometric search database, decided under the GDPR. The same practice has been prohibited in as many words by Article 5 of the AI Act since 2 February 2025; this decision is not about that provision."}],"source_url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9751362","source_name":"Garante, besluit 10 februari 2022","derived_from_event_id":"gdpr-it-garante-clearview-2022"},{"id":"praxikon:eu:gdpr:ruling:hu-naih-budapest-bank-2022","basis":"related_gdpr","forum":"supervisory_authority","authority":"Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság (NAIH)","jurisdiction":"HU","case_reference":"NAIH-85-3/2022","decided_at":"2022-02-08","recorded_at":"2026-08-13","status":"final","title_nl":"Hongaarse toezichthouder beboet bank voor AI-stemanalyse van klantgesprekken","title_en":"Hungarian authority fines bank for AI voice analysis of customer calls","summary_nl":"De NAIH legde een boete van 250 miljoen forint (ongeveer 700.000 euro) op aan een bank die servicegesprekken automatisch met AI op emotie analyseerde, zonder geldige grondslag en zonder de klanten daarover te informeren. Emotieherkenning op de werkvloer en in het onderwijs valt inmiddels onder het verbod van artikel 5 van de AI Act; in klantcontact gelden de transparantieplichten van artikel 50.","summary_en":"The NAIH imposed a fine of 250 million forints (around 700,000 euros) on a bank that automatically analysed customer service calls for emotion with AI, without a valid legal basis and without informing customers. Emotion recognition in the workplace and in education now falls under the Article 5 prohibition of the AI Act; in customer contact the Article 50 transparency duties apply.","provisions":[{"obligation_slug":"article-5-prohibited-practices","relation":"illustrates","locator":"NAIH-85-3/2022, boetebesluit over geautomatiseerde emotieanalyse van klantgesprekken","note_nl":"Emotieherkenning uit spraak, beoordeeld onder de AVG. De AI-verordening verbiedt emotieherkenning op de werkvloer en in het onderwijs in artikel 5; dit besluit ging over klantcontact en onder een ander instrument, en legt artikel 5 dus niet uit.","note_en":"Emotion recognition from speech, decided under the GDPR. The AI Act prohibits emotion recognition in the workplace and in education in Article 5; this decision concerned customer contact and rests on a different instrument, so it does not interpret Article 5."},{"obligation_slug":"article-50-transparency","relation":"illustrates","locator":"NAIH-85-3/2022, onderdeel over het niet informeren van de betrokken klanten","note_nl":"De klanten wisten niet dat er een AI-analyse op hun gesprek liep. Onder de AI-verordening staat de informatieplicht bij zulke systemen in artikel 50; dit besluit steunt op de AVG en zegt over de uitleg van artikel 50 niets.","note_en":"The customers did not know an AI analysis ran on their call. Under the AI Act the information duty for such systems sits in Article 50; this decision rests on the GDPR and says nothing about how Article 50 is to be read."}],"source_url":"https://www.naih.hu/hatarozatok-vegzesek?download=517:mesterseges-intelligencia-alkalmazasa","source_name":"NAIH besluit NAIH-85-3/2022","derived_from_event_id":"gdpr-hu-naih-budapest-bank-2022"}]}