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change.","topics":["control","gpai"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":null,"deadline_at":null,"links":[],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-aanbieder","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-aanbieder","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-aanbieder","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"b8efafa63e2c337eb9399702aedafa0893df6229ccce4aeaef40b78aa10ee6cc","label":"Provider","summary":"The role carrying the heaviest obligations, and the role organisations most often end up in by accident.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(3) defines a provider as a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that develops an AI system or a general-purpose AI model or that has an AI system or a general-purpose AI model developed and places it on the market or puts the AI system into service under its own name or trademark, whether for payment or free of charge.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(3)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Many organisations believe they are a provider because they use a model. Use alone is not the test: the dividing line is placing on the market or putting into service under your own name or trademark. Someone who modifies or fine-tunes a general-purpose AI model and places the result on the market does, however, become a provider of that modified model; recital 109 then limits the obligations to that modification or fine-tuning. Conversely, organisations wrongly assume they can never be a provider because they sell nothing: having a system developed counts, free of charge counts, and an internally built tool that you put into service under your own name for your own use makes you a provider alongside being a deployer. Article 25(1) also moves a distributor, importer, deployer or third party into the provider role for a high-risk system when it puts its name or trademark on it, makes a substantial modification, or changes the intended purpose so that the system becomes high risk.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(3)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Assess the role question per system, not per organisation, and record the answer with its reasoning. Include three fields in the register: under whose name or trademark the system is offered or put into service, who developed it or had it developed, and whether the intended purpose or configuration has changed since deployment. Reassess those fields on every substantial modification.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(3)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"795f4732b91cc2ce447293a5033eb5f17030d362ee7c05787c7f1c49ee8bc1de","label":"General-purpose AI model (GPAI model)","summary":"The model is not the system, and that distinction determines which chapter of obligations applies to you.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[{"id":"definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden-exception","operator":"not","description":"AI models used for research, development or prototyping activities before they are placed on the market fall outside the definition."}],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(63) defines a general-purpose AI model as an AI model, including where such a model is trained with a large amount of data using self-supervision at scale, that displays significant generality and is capable of competently performing a wide range of distinct tasks regardless of the way the model is placed on the market and that can be integrated into a variety of downstream systems or applications, except AI models used for research, development or prototyping activities before they are placed on the market. Point 66 separately defines a general-purpose AI system as an AI system which is based on a general-purpose AI model and which has the capability to serve a variety of purposes, both for direct use as well as for integration in other AI systems.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(63), (66)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Model and system are used interchangeably in practice, and that is the heart of the confusion. Point 63 concerns the model, point 66 the system built on top of it. Obligations for GPAI models rest on the model provider; an organisation embedding that model in its own application is in principle dealing with the regime for AI systems. Two further things are missed. The definition expressly excludes models used for research, development or prototyping before they are placed on the market, so the exception lapses at the moment of placing on the market. And the phrase regardless of the way the model is placed on the market means that openly released models can fall within the definition too. On timing: Article 53 has applied since 2 August 2025, the enforcement powers of the Commission and the AI Office and the fines of Article 101 have been active since 2 August 2026, and for models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 the period runs until 2 August 2027.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(63), (66)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Distinguish the model layer and the system layer explicitly in your register, and record per application which underlying model is used, from which provider, and whether your organisation itself places that model on the market. When developing your own models, record the moment the research or prototyping stage ends, because that is where the regime begins.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(63), (66)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-gemachtigde","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-gemachtigde","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-gemachtigde","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"1793ad1268e6a72c62e9c52cbdd27c80e19e72172e7d9ecc775c0f350e6c0d2d","label":"Authorised representative","summary":"The European point of contact for a provider from outside the Union, valid only on the basis of a written mandate.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"definitie-gemachtigde-scope","operator":"all","description":"The authorised representative is located or established in the Union and has received and accepted a written mandate."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(5) defines an authorised representative as a natural or legal person located or established in the Union who has received and accepted a written mandate from a provider of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model to, respectively, perform and carry out on its behalf the obligations and procedures established by this Regulation.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(5)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The common error is that a European sales partner, reseller or subsidiary assumes it is automatically the authorised representative. That does not follow from the commercial relationship. The definition sets two cumulative requirements: the mandate is written, and it is not only given but also accepted. Without that document there is no authorised representative and the supervisory authority in the Union has no formal point of contact for that provider. A second misconception is that appointing an authorised representative transfers the provider role. It does not: the representative acts on behalf of the provider, and the provider remains the provider.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(5)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Ask every supplier from outside the Union for the name, registered address and contact details of the authorised representative and for a copy or confirmation of the accepted written mandate. Store it with the system file, because it is the first thing you need once a supervisory authority requests information about a system you source from outside the Union.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(5)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-in-de-handel-brengen","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-in-de-handel-brengen","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-in-de-handel-brengen","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"7609bd6024e0675b2a5d459b010ccc5fa73c1556181f65fb346395f733e85ea1","label":"Placing on the market","summary":"The first moment a system or model is made available on the Union market, and therefore the trigger for many obligations.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(9) defines placing on the market as the first making available of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model on the Union market. Point 10 adds that making available on the market means the supply of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model for distribution or use on the Union market in the course of a commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of charge.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(9)-(10)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The most persistent error is assuming that a sale or a price must be involved. Point 10 explicitly says whether in return for payment or free of charge. A free trial, an openly available model or a no-cost pilot at a customer can amount to placing on the market. The second error is confusing this concept with putting into service. Placing on the market concerns the market; a system you build and use purely internally is not placed on the market, but it is put into service, and that is an independent trigger in its own right.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(9)-(10)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Record for each system and model the date of first making available in the Union, together with its form: sale, free trial, open release or pilot. That date determines which regime and which transitional period apply, and it is the first thing a supervisory authority will put next to your file.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(9)-(10)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-systeemrisico","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-systeemrisico","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-systeemrisico","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"c8c6caf33ae18fc4a6b0088d737650a27551b660acde096bddbd180a4584802f","label":"Systemic risk","summary":"A concept that applies exclusively to GPAI models, and that is unrelated to the high-risk classification of AI systems.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(65) defines systemic risk as a risk specific to the high-impact capabilities of general-purpose AI models, having a significant impact on the Union market due to their reach, or due to actual or reasonably foreseeable negative effects on public health, safety, public security, fundamental rights, or society as a whole, that can be propagated at scale across the value chain. Point 64 defines high-impact capabilities as capabilities that match or exceed the capabilities recorded in the most advanced general-purpose AI models. Article 51(2) provides that a model is presumed to have such capabilities when the cumulative amount of computation used for its training, measured in floating point operations, is greater than 10 to the power of 25.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(64)-(65), Article 51(1)-(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Systemic risk is often used in conversation as a synonym for high risk, and sometimes, borrowed from the financial sector, as a synonym for systemic importance. Both are wrong. Under this Regulation systemic risk is exclusively a qualification of a general-purpose AI model, never of an AI system and never of an organisation. A second misconception is that the threshold of 10 to the power of 25 floating point operations is the definition. It is not: that threshold sits in Article 51(2) and operates as a presumption, while under Article 51(1)(b) the Commission may also classify a model, on its own initiative or following a qualified alert from the scientific panel, where it has capabilities or an impact equivalent to those in point (a), having regard to the criteria in Annex XIII. For virtually every organisation this concept concerns their supplier rather than themselves; the relevant question is then which model you use and what the provider documents about it.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(64)-(65), Article 51(1)-(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Record per AI application which underlying GPAI model is used and whether the provider designates that model as one with systemic risk, and keep the documentation or model card on which you base that. Use this information in supplier conversations rather than as your own classification, because the qualification belongs to the model provider.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(64)-(65), Article 51(1)-(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release 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version.","topics":["evidence","gpai-systemic-risk"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-55-gpai-systemic-risk"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":null,"deadline_at":null,"links":[],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:gpai-compliance-file","legacy_id":"raip:evidence:gpai-compliance-file","type":"evidence","slug":"gpai-compliance-file","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"7262c79821f4a681772adcd2c0841fa9bfbb6e4c59124704064543d75cd6d2dc","label":"GPAI compliance file","summary":"Current technical documentation, downstream information, copyright policy and public training summary.","topics":["evidence","gpai"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":null,"deadline_at":null,"links":[],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:gpai-model-version-register","legacy_id":"raip:evidence:gpai-model-version-register","type":"evidence","slug":"gpai-model-version-register","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"fbe144a47934ee8420952d2b02bba307ed0d6fa00f731548657ecc03f28671f9","label":"Model version register listing the changed Annex XI and XII elements per version","summary":"A register with one row per model version: release date, distribution method, architecture and parameter count, compute used, and a note of which Annex XI and Annex XII elements changed relative to the previous version.","topics":["gpai"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"gpai-model-version-register-scope","operator":"all","description":"You place or make available more than one version of the same GPAI model on the Union market."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":"applicable","deadline_at":"2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 53 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release 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version.","topics":["gpai"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"gpai-public-training-summary-scope","operator":"all","description":"You are a provider of a general-purpose AI model placed on the Union market."}],"exceptions":[{"id":"gpai-public-training-summary-exception","operator":"not","description":"The open-source exemption in Article 53(2) covers only points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1 and therefore leaves the public training summary intact."}],"statements":[],"legal_status":"applicable","deadline_at":"2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 53 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:example:example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing","legacy_id":"raip:example:example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing","type":"example","slug":"example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"f76e99119daefd7c5cfc07f8db92500ea93ce6a13b3e86aff47818a0a15cb89a","label":"Police fine-tuning a model for investigations: settle the role question first","summary":"A police service fine-tunes an open general-purpose model on its own files from ongoing criminal investigations, so that detectives can see links between suspects and cases sooner. The fine-tuned model stays inside the service and is not made available to anyone else. The question is whether the service thereby becomes a provider of a general-purpose AI model itself, and so falls under Article 53.","topics":["examples"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 53(1) requires providers of general-purpose AI models to do four things: draw up and keep up-to-date the technical documentation of the model, including its training and testing process and the results of its evaluation, containing at a minimum the information set out in Annex XI so that it can be provided on request to the AI Office and the national competent authorities; draw up, keep up-to-date and make available information and documentation to providers of AI systems who intend to integrate the model, containing at a minimum the elements set out in Annex XII; put in place a policy to comply with Union law on copyright and related rights; and draw up and make publicly available a sufficiently detailed summary about the content used for training, according to a template provided by the AI Office. Article 53(2) provides that the obligations under points (a) and (b) do not apply to providers of models released under a free and open-source licence that allows for the access, usage, modification and distribution of the model, and whose parameters, including the weights, the information on the model architecture and the information on model usage, are made publicly available, and that this exception does not apply to general-purpose AI models with systemic risks.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 53(1) and (2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Start with your role, because merely using someone else's model does not by itself make you a model provider; Article 53 does not say at what point a service that fine-tunes crosses that line, and the point deserves an explicit answer rather than an assumption. A further question comes before Article 53: whether your fine-tuned investigation model has been placed on the market within the meaning of the Regulation. That it never leaves the service does not settle this on its own, since the Commission's guidelines on the scope of the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models also treat internal use affecting the rights of natural persons as placing on the market. We read paragraph 2 as attaching the open-source exception to your own model rather than carrying it over automatically from the model you started out with: if you do not publish the weights and architecture of the fine-tuned model, which is the obvious course in criminal matters, then on that reading the exception is not open to you, and the duties under points (c) and (d) remain in place in any event, since paragraph 2 lifts only points (a) and (b). So record, version by version, exactly what you changed, on which data and to what end, because that record is what decides whether you stand here as a user or as a provider.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 53(1) and (2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"editorial","deadline_at":null,"links":[],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:guidance:guidance-gpai-downstream-modifier-becomes-provider","legacy_id":"raip:guidance:guidance-gpai-downstream-modifier-becomes-provider","type":"guidance","slug":"guidance-gpai-downstream-modifier-becomes-provider","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"0ed9f3418998c47b4bff2f13773c624f63b3fbf0f6fd82dcb2624899df6d5188","label":"When a downstream party that fine-tunes becomes a GPAI provider itself","summary":"Not every modification makes you a provider. The indicative threshold is a modification using more than a third of the original model's training compute, and your obligations are then limited to the modification.","topics":["guidance"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"guidance-gpai-downstream-modifier-becomes-provider-scope","operator":"all","description":"Applies to downstream actors distinct from the original provider and not acting on its behalf, who modify or fine-tune a general-purpose AI model, with or without integrating it into an AI system."}],"exceptions":[{"id":"guidance-gpai-downstream-modifier-becomes-provider-exception","operator":"not","description":"If you become the provider of the modified model, obligations remain limited to the modification itself: the technical documentation covers the change, and the copyright policy and training-content summary cover only the data used in the modification."}],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"The Commission guidelines of 18 July 2025 (C(2025) 5045 final) on the scope of the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models state in point (61) that it is not necessary for every modification of such a model to lead to the downstream modifier being considered the provider of the modified model, in line with the Blue Guide, which states that a product subject to important changes or overhauls aiming to modify its original performance, purpose or type may be considered a new product. Point (62) states that the Commission considers a downstream modifier to become the provider of the modified model only if the modification leads to a significant change in the model's generality, capabilities or systemic risk. Point (63) sets the indicative criterion: a downstream modifier is considered to be the provider where the training compute used for the modification is greater than a third of the training compute of the original model. Point (64) states that where the downstream modifier cannot be expected to know that value, for example because it has not been communicated by the provider of the original model, and cannot estimate it, the threshold is replaced by a third of 10 to the power of 25 FLOP where the original model is a model with systemic risk, and otherwise by a third of 10 to the power of 23 FLOP. Point (65) explains that a modification of that size is expected to display a significant change justifying the transparency obligations of Article 53(1)(a) and (b), that such a modification can be expected to have used a significant amount of data relevant to the copyright policy and the public summary of training content under Article 53(1)(c) and (d), and that where the original model has systemic risk the modified model can be expected to present significantly different systemic risk. Point (67) notes that currently few modifications meet this criterion, that the number of downstream modifiers becoming providers may increase over time, and that the criterion is thus primarily forward-looking. Point (68) states that in the case of a modification the obligations are limited to that modification: the documentation under Article 53(1)(a) and (b) is limited to information on the modification, and the copyright policy under point (c) and the summary of training content under point (d) are limited to the data used as part of the modification. Point (69) states that a downstream modifier who becomes a provider must also comply with Article 54, which means appointing an authorised representative established in the Union to the extent that the modifier is itself established outside the Union. Point (70) states that where a downstream actor modifies a model classified as having systemic risk in such a way that they become the provider of the modified model, the resulting model is presumed to have high-impact capabilities and is therefore considered a model with systemic risk, and point (71) states that the modifier must then comply with the obligations for providers of models with systemic risk and notify the Commission in line with Article 52(1).","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:commission-gpai-guidelines","source_locator":"Commission Guidelines C(2025) 5045 final, 18.7.2025, Section 3.2 points (60) to (67) and Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2, points (68) to (71)","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/guidelines-gpai-providers","eli":null}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The practical message is more reassuring than most organisations expect, with one catch. Ordinary fine-tuning on your own documents, RAG, prompt engineering or a LoRA adapter comes nowhere near a third of the training compute of a large base model. The Commission itself says that few modifications currently meet the criterion. Anyone adapting a model for their own use therefore generally does not become a GPAI provider. The catch sits in point (64): if you do not know the original model's training compute and cannot estimate it, you fall back on an absolute threshold of a third of 10 to the power of 23 FLOP. That is a considerably lower bar than a third of a large model, and with closed models whose compute is not published, that is exactly the scenario you are in. The second trap is the systemic-risk chain: if you modify a model already designated as having systemic risk and thereby become a provider, you inherit that label and the duty to notify the Commission. On the positive side, obligations in that case remain limited to your own modification: you do not have to reproduce the original model's documentation or training-content summary.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:commission-gpai-guidelines","source_locator":"Commission Guidelines C(2025) 5045 final, 18.7.2025, Section 3.2 points (60) to (67) and Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2, points (68) to (71)","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/guidelines-gpai-providers","eli":null}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Record per modified model which base model you use, which modification method you apply and how much compute that modification consumed, so you can test the criterion rather than speculate about it. Ask the base model's provider for the training compute and document the answer, because if you cannot know that value you fall back on the considerably lower absolute threshold. Also check whether the base model is designated as having systemic risk, because that changes both the threshold and the consequences of crossing it. Reassess this judgement at every substantial retraining, since the Commission itself indicates that the number of downstream modifiers becoming providers is expected to grow.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:commission-gpai-guidelines","source_locator":"Commission Guidelines C(2025) 5045 final, 18.7.2025, Section 3.2 points (60) to (67) and Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2, points (68) to (71)","source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/guidelines-gpai-providers","eli":null}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"guidance","deadline_at":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 53 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai","legacy_id":"raip:obligation:article-53-gpai","type":"obligation","slug":"article-53-gpai","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"55f22a1c21f936ec956fc61f7db4f29defb4524294046799c13af57745cd8b36","label":"Article 53: GPAI model providers","summary":"Documentation, information, copyright and transparency duties for providers of general-purpose AI models.","topics":["gpai"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider"],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:gpai-document"],"evidence_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:gpai-compliance-file"],"control_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:gpai-documentation-change-control"],"template_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:template:gpai-guide"],"conditions":[{"id":"gpai-union-market","operator":"all","description":"The party is a provider of a GPAI model placed on the Union market."},{"id":"gpai-market-date-transition","operator":"any","description":"For models placed on the market from 2 August 2025, the duties apply from that time. 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Providers maintain technical documentation, provide information to downstream providers, operate a Union copyright policy and publish a sufficiently detailed summary of training content.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 53(1), Annex XI and Annex XII","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Providers of GPAI models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 must comply with the applicable obligations by 2 August 2027.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 113(3)(b)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"An organisation merely using an external GPAI model does not thereby automatically become a GPAI model provider. 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