{"meta":{"dataset_id":"praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph","dataset_version":"2.2.0","schema_version":"1.5.0","lang":"en","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-09-06T00:00:00.000Z","count":20,"filters":{"id":null,"type":null,"role":"importer","duty_holder":null,"topic":null},"identifiers":{"canonical_namespace":"praxikon","canonical_form":"praxikon:<jurisdiction>:<regulation>:<type>:<slug>","legacy_namespace":"raip","legacy_resolution":"permanent","resolved":{"id":null,"role":null,"duty_holder":null}}},"data":[{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:article-99-101-map-penalty-tiers","legacy_id":"raip:action:article-99-101-map-penalty-tiers","type":"action","slug":"article-99-101-map-penalty-tiers","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"677f2bc0d2eedcb7da9a1b25be4939926b1fcb7cc4d93b6e0d718954a6506d58","label":"Assign to each obligation the penalty ceiling that belongs to it","summary":"Walk through your obligations register and mark per line which ceiling applies: Article 99(3) for Article 5, Article 99(4) for the role duties enumerated there, Article 25(2) and (4) and Article 50, Article 99(5) for answering information requests, and otherwise the national penalty regime under Article 99(1). Add the Article 101 regime wherever you provide a general-purpose AI model yourself, and the Article 75c regime wherever the AI Office is competent.","topics":["enforcement","governance"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-99-101-penalties"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"article-99-101-map-penalty-tiers-scope","operator":"all","description":"To be done as soon as your obligations register exists, and to be revisited on every amendment of the Regulation and on every change to the national penalty regime of a Member State in which you operate. No deadline attaches to it: this is an editorial recommendation."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":"editorial","deadline_at":null,"timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 99, 100 and 101 on EUR-Lex"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","label":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, the amendment of Article 99"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-10T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:run-importer-verification-checklist","legacy_id":"raip:action:run-importer-verification-checklist","type":"action","slug":"run-importer-verification-checklist","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"a7cf5ade9bd6806752e716aba249de5c4641439b438a7d749e53567cbc16d2eb","label":"Run the four verifications of Article 23(1) before importing","summary":"Check and record: the conformity assessment has been carried out, the technical documentation exists, the CE marking plus declaration and instructions for use are present, and an authorised representative has been appointed.","topics":["value-chain"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-23-importer-obligations"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"run-importer-verification-checklist-scope","operator":"all","description":"To be carried out before every first placing on the market of a high-risk AI system from a third-country provider."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":"upcoming","deadline_at":"2027-12-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 23 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","legacy_id":"raip:actor:importer","type":"actor","slug":"importer","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"152e324e4109e7ad2b10c910c623deef18e05cca1f165166aa94f4f3b3a58f89","label":"Importer","summary":"You are an importer as soon as you, from within the EU, first place an AI system on the Union market that bears the name or trade mark of a party established outside the EU. What counts is not your purchasing role but whose brand is on the system and who first brings it to market.","topics":["value-chain"],"actor_ids":[],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"importer-scope","operator":"all","description":"Applies where you are located or established in the Union and are the first to place an AI system from a third-country provider on the Union market under that provider's name or trade mark."}],"exceptions":[{"id":"importer-exception","operator":"not","description":"You are not an importer but a provider as soon as you put your own name or trade mark on the system, make a substantial modification, or change the intended purpose so that the system becomes high-risk (Article 25(1)(a), (b) and (c)). Point (a) expressly applies without prejudice to contractual arrangements stipulating that the obligations are otherwise allocated. The role switch can be determined today; the twelve duties of Article 16 start to apply on 2 December 2027 for the standalone Annex III route and on 2 August 2028 for the embedded Annex I route."}],"statements":[],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":null,"timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 23 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:article-99-101-mitigating-factor-record","legacy_id":"raip:control:article-99-101-mitigating-factor-record","type":"control","slug":"article-99-101-mitigating-factor-record","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"ecc7f911bd2521b65e45e24c8c4e5cc569b08ec97ee3cfd82a231e4acecaf993","label":"Recording of the factors in Article 99(7)","summary":"The control that ensures the factors which determine the amount of a fine are recorded at the time and not reconstructed afterwards: which technical and organisational measures were in place, when you notified an infringement yourself, how you responded to requests from the authority, and what you did to mitigate the harm suffered by affected persons. Those factors cut both ways, so the same record can also count against you; that is a reason to keep it properly rather than not at all.","topics":["control","enforcement"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-99-101-penalties"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":"editorial","deadline_at":null,"timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 99, 100 and 101 on EUR-Lex"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","label":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, the amendment of Article 99"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-10T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:importer-stop-and-notify-control","legacy_id":"raip:control:importer-stop-and-notify-control","type":"control","slug":"importer-stop-and-notify-control","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"6225754e4ace03b923e329cd3b4065f3429e9f882aee8fa912fa227f828df76f","label":"Stop rule and notification route on doubts about conformity","summary":"As soon as you have sufficient reason to consider a system non-conforming or falsified, it does not go to market, and where there is a risk you notify the provider, the authorised representative and the market surveillance authorities.","topics":["value-chain"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-23-importer-obligations"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"importer-stop-and-notify-control-scope","operator":"all","description":"Triggered at the threshold of sufficient reason to consider, meaning on a well-founded signal and not only upon certainty or third-party confirmation."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":"upcoming","deadline_at":"2027-12-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 23 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release 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affixing.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(24) defines CE marking as a marking by which a provider indicates that an AI system is in conformity with the requirements set out in Chapter III, Section 2 and other applicable Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(24)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The CE marking is a declaration by the provider itself, not a regulator's seal and not a quality label. It belongs solely to high-risk AI systems, so a supplier presenting CE marking as a selling point for an ordinary chatbot is telling you the wrong story. Conversely, the absence of CE marking is not a shortcoming for a system that is not high-risk. For high-risk systems this becomes relevant from 2 December 2027 for Annex III and 2 August 2028 for Annex I.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(24)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"For every high-risk AI system, request the EU declaration of conformity that must sit behind the CE marking and keep it in your dossier, together with the system version it relates to. Do not accept a reference to CE marking without the underlying declaration as evidence.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(24)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-distributeur","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-distributeur","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-distributeur","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"8113722b7f4a5259c937696ebb6364c374c7ec0e0db2f09bc0cab4f8455d442f","label":"Distributor","summary":"Any link in the supply chain that makes an AI system available on the Union market and is neither provider nor importer.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"definitie-distributeur-scope","operator":"all","description":"Applies only to a party in the supply chain that is neither the provider nor the importer."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(7) defines a distributor as a natural or legal person in the supply chain, other than the provider or the importer, that makes an AI system available on the Union market.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(7)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Resellers, systems integrators, marketplaces and staffing firms that ship software along with their service often assume they fall outside the Regulation because they build nothing. The definition is a residual category: if you are neither provider nor importer in the chain, and you make the system available on the Union market, you are a distributor. Note point 10: making available on the market means supply in the course of a commercial activity, whether for payment or free of charge. Passing something on free or offering a trial version is covered too. Put your own name or trademark on it and the role shifts to provider.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(7)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Map which AI systems your organisation passes on to third parties, including free of charge and as a by-product of a service, and record per system whose name or trademark it carries. Set out in your resale contracts who holds which role, so that it is not disputed later who the provider was.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(7)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-importeur","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-importeur","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-importeur","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"5929cd13fabbde75a31e8c36d3c791127c89b1aa48d8441e74ef87a49f5fd62c","label":"Importer","summary":"Whoever places on the Union market a system bearing the name or trademark of a party established in a third country.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(6) defines an importer as a natural or legal person located or established in the Union that places on the market an AI system that bears the name or trademark of a natural or legal person established in a third country.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(6)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The practical trap is the assumption that importer has to do with customs or with the invoice flow. The test is different: do you place on the Union market for the first time a system bearing the name or trademark of a party from a third country. Someone who only takes a US service for their own use is not an importer but a deployer. Someone who passes on that same system under their own name or trademark is not an importer but a provider. The importer role sits exactly in between: passing it on with the third party's mark still on it.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(6)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Record three data points per AI system in your supplier register: the country of establishment of the party whose name or trademark the system bears, whether your organisation is the first to make the system available on the Union market, and under which name that happens. Those three fields together determine whether you are an importer, a distributor or a provider.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(6)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-in-de-handel-brengen","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-in-de-handel-brengen","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-in-de-handel-brengen","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"7609bd6024e0675b2a5d459b010ccc5fa73c1556181f65fb346395f733e85ea1","label":"Placing on the market","summary":"The first moment a system or model is made available on the Union market, and therefore the trigger for many obligations.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(9) defines placing on the market as the first making available of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model on the Union market. Point 10 adds that making available on the market means the supply of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model for distribution or use on the Union market in the course of a commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of charge.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(9)-(10)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The most persistent error is assuming that a sale or a price must be involved. Point 10 explicitly says whether in return for payment or free of charge. A free trial, an openly available model or a no-cost pilot at a customer can amount to placing on the market. The second error is confusing this concept with putting into service. Placing on the market concerns the market; a system you build and use purely internally is not placed on the market, but it is put into service, and that is an independent trigger in its own right.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(9)-(10)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Record for each system and model the date of first making available in the Union, together with its form: sale, free trial, open release or pilot. That date determines which regime and which transitional period apply, and it is the first thing a supervisory authority will put next to your file.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(9)-(10)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-operator","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-operator","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-operator","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"9b6f7e5b05a7c4b4fb0ecd210e6a6d585a78ef0309b31a7358b91e81e90dcc6c","label":"Operator","summary":"The umbrella term for all six roles in the chain, and not the person operating the controls.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(8) defines an operator as a provider, product manufacturer, deployer, authorised representative, importer or distributor.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(8)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Operator is read as the person who operates the system day to day. That is precisely what it does not mean. It is an umbrella term: where a provision addresses operators, it addresses all six listed roles at once. Anyone who skips operator obligations in a gap analysis because they believe they are only a deployer misses provisions that do apply to them. Note also that product manufacturer appears in this list as a role but is not separately defined in Article 3.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(8)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Add an operator column to your compliance overview that spells out the six roles explicitly, so that for each provision it is visible which roles are affected. Record per AI system every role your organisation holds for that specific system, because there is usually more than one.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(8)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2025-02-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-uit-de-handel-nemen","legacy_id":"raip:definition:definitie-uit-de-handel-nemen","type":"definition","slug":"definitie-uit-de-handel-nemen","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"2482d5e315cec62e5648d6abd0385eecdee52a794798bc48f2f6a506ee223348","label":"Withdrawal of an AI system","summary":"A measure aimed at preventing an AI system that is in the supply chain from being made available on the market. It stops distribution, not use by existing customers.","topics":["definitions"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 3(17) defines withdrawal of an AI system as any measure aiming to prevent an AI system in the supply chain being made available on the market.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(17)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"This is the lighter counterpart to a recall and is frequently confused with it, including in contracts. Withdrawal only affects units still in the chain at importers and distributors. Anyone already using the system notices nothing until a recall follows. For your own procurement the practical question is whether a supplier that withdraws its product still delivers updates, patches and support, or whether you are left with a system that is commercially dead but operationally live.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(17)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Include in procurement contracts that the provider informs you as soon as it withdraws an AI system, even if you already use it, and record which maintenance and security updates you will still receive afterwards and for how long.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 3(17)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"in_force","deadline_at":"2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 3 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:article-99-101-penalty-exposure-register","legacy_id":"raip:evidence:article-99-101-penalty-exposure-register","type":"evidence","slug":"article-99-101-penalty-exposure-register","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"26861e8785e9779404427f4167ee17b0f32121936562af6e3e6c27102fa2060a","label":"Register of penalty ceilings per obligation","summary":"Per obligation: which ceiling attaches to it and on which provision that rests, whether the level follows from national law and if so from which, and whether the Article 101 or Article 75c regime is added on top. This is the document that shows a board there is no single amount, and that substantiates where you make your controls heavier.","topics":["enforcement","evidence"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-99-101-penalties"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":"editorial","deadline_at":null,"timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 99, 100 and 101 on EUR-Lex"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","label":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, the amendment of Article 99"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-10T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:importer-verification-record","legacy_id":"raip:evidence:importer-verification-record","type":"evidence","slug":"importer-verification-record","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"7086f44c16690148ca56d0ec81a420d3ecdd0b893e32a71c4bb58a4c54c68241","label":"Importer dossier with ten-year retention","summary":"Your own archive of the notified body certificate, the instructions for use and the EU declaration of conformity, available for ten years and in a language the authority easily understands.","topics":["value-chain"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-23-importer-obligations"],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":[],"evidence_ids":[],"control_ids":[],"template_ids":[],"conditions":[{"id":"importer-verification-record-scope","operator":"all","description":"The ten-year term runs from placing on the market or putting into service, and therefore per system and per version, not per supplier relationship."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[],"legal_status":"upcoming","deadline_at":"2027-12-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 23 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"editorially_reviewed","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-111-legacy-public-systems","legacy_id":"raip:obligation:article-111-legacy-public-systems","type":"obligation","slug":"article-111-legacy-public-systems","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"f6d9b4b81b0a9ef37eec8fdd812d98a712cc1688491f8db5c61b8a857ee419e4","label":"Article 111(2): legacy high-risk systems and the 2 August 2030 date","summary":"High-risk AI systems placed on the market or put into service before the date of application of Chapter III, since the Digital Omnibus 2 December 2027 for Annex III systems and 2 August 2028 for Annex I systems, come under the high-risk requirements of that Chapter only once their design is significantly changed as from that date. This is not an exemption from the whole Regulation: Article 4 and Article 50 keep running. For systems intended to be used by public authorities the carve out falls away entirely: their providers and deployers must in any case comply with the requirements and obligations by 2 August 2030.","topics":["high-risk","timeline"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"affected_actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"oversight_actor_ids":[],"evidence_owner_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":"preliminary","interpretation_note":"The text above is the consolidated text and has been checked against the Official Journal; what is preliminary is our reading of it. First, the cut off date. The amended paragraph 2 refers not to a date but to the date of application of Chapter III referred to in Article 113, and since the Digital Omnibus Article 113, third paragraph, point (c) gives two: 2 December 2027 for Annex III and 2 August 2028 for Annex I. We therefore read the cut off as route dependent. A defensible alternative reading is that the reference points at the general application date of Chapter III as a whole, that is 2 August 2026, because Sections 4 and 5 of that Chapter were not deferred; on that reading the cut off would effectively still be 2 August 2026. We follow the route dependent reading because point (c) expressly names Sections 1, 2 and 3, and those are the Sections carrying the requirements the grace period exists for. Second, the notion of a significant change in the design. That is not the same wording as the defined substantial modification used elsewhere in the Regulation, and there is no guidance or case law saying whether a model update, a retraining run or a new data source counts. We read it as a change that touches the intended purpose, the functioning or the risk profile, and not as every release. Third, the reach of intended to be used by public authorities. It is unclear whether a system supplied to both public and private customers falls under it in full, and whether a private party carrying out a public task is a public authority. We read the intention as following from the market the system is offered for and not from the legal form of the individual customer.","obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:change:2026-07-27-annex-iii-date","praxikon:eu:ai-act:change:2026-12-02-article-50-marking-grace-ends","praxikon:eu:ai-act:change:2028-08-02-annex-i-high-risk-applicable"],"action_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:assess-significant-design-change","praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:plan-legacy-public-system-compliance"],"evidence_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:legacy-system-transition-register"],"control_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:design-change-review-gate"],"template_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:template:article-111-legal-text"],"conditions":[{"id":"article-111-2-scope-article-5-unaffected","operator":"all","description":"The transitional rule is without prejudice to the application of Article 5, as referred to in Article 113, third paragraph, point (a). A prohibited practice remains prohibited, regardless of when the system was placed on the market or put into service and regardless of whether the design has changed."},{"id":"article-111-2-scope-limited-to-chapter-iii","operator":"all","description":"The transitional rule concerns the high-risk requirements of Chapter III and is not an exemption from the whole Regulation. Article 4 has applied since 2 February 2025 irrespective of when a system reached the market, and Article 50 has applied to all systems in scope since 2 August 2026. The paragraph 4 added by the Digital Omnibus confirms this: it gives legacy generative systems a short extra period for Article 50(2), which would make no sense if Article 50 did not reach them."},{"id":"article-111-2-legacy-scope","operator":"all","description":"Applies to operators of high-risk AI systems placed on the market or put into service before the date of application of Chapter III referred to in Article 113, other than the systems referred to in paragraph 1 that are components of the large-scale IT systems listed in Annex X. That date is 2 December 2027 for systems that are high-risk under Article 6(2) and Annex III, and 2 August 2028 for systems that are high-risk under Article 6(1) and Annex I. For that group the high-risk requirements bite only once the systems are subject to significant changes in their designs as from that date."},{"id":"article-111-2-type-and-model","operator":"all","description":"The grace period runs per type and model, not per unit. If at least one individual unit of the type and model was lawfully placed on the market or put into service before the cut off date, other units of the same type and model are covered too and may be offered without additional obligations, requirements or additional certification, as long as the design remains unchanged. The decisive date is the one on which the first unit of that type and model was placed on the market or put into service in the Union."},{"id":"article-111-2-public-authority-deadline","operator":"all","description":"Applies independently to providers and deployers of high-risk AI systems intended to be used by public authorities. They must in any case take the necessary steps to comply with the requirements and obligations of the Regulation by 2 August 2030, even where the design remains unchanged."}],"exceptions":[{"id":"article-111-2-exception-annex-x-systems","operator":"not","description":"Systems that are components of the large-scale IT systems established by the legal acts listed in Annex X fall not under paragraph 2 but under paragraph 1. Paragraph 1 was not amended by the Digital Omnibus and keeps its own cut off: placed on the market or put into service before 2 August 2027, with compliance by 31 December 2030."}],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Without prejudice to the application of Article 5 as referred to in Article 113, third paragraph, point (a), this Regulation shall apply to operators of high-risk AI systems, other than the systems referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, that have been placed on the market or put into service before the date of application of Chapter III referred to in Article 113, only if, as from that date, those systems are subject to significant changes in their designs. In any case, the providers and deployers of high-risk AI systems intended to be used by public authorities shall take the necessary steps to comply with the requirements and obligations laid down in this Regulation by 2 August 2030.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Amended Article 111(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Chapter III, Sections 1, 2 and 3, with the exception of Article 6(5), applies from 2 December 2027 as regards AI systems classified as high-risk pursuant to Article 6(2) and Annex III, and from 2 August 2028 as regards AI systems classified as high-risk pursuant to Article 6(1) and Annex I.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Amended Article 113 application dates","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Providers of AI systems, including general-purpose AI systems, generating synthetic audio, image, video or text content, that have been placed on the market before 2 August 2026 shall take the necessary steps in order to comply with Article 50(2) by 2 December 2026.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"New Article 111(4)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"official_fact","text":"The grace period in paragraph 2 applies where the type and model of an AI system has already been placed on the market. If at least one individual unit was lawfully placed on the market or put into service before the cut off date, the grace period also covers other units of the same type and model, which may be offered without additional obligations, requirements or mandatory additional certification, as long as the design remains unchanged. On a significant change to the design after the cut off date the provider must fully comply with all relevant provisions applicable to high-risk AI systems, including the conformity assessment requirements.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Recital 39 of Regulation (EU) 2026/1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"In practice this provision is read exactly the wrong way round. Executives hear that existing systems are left alone and conclude that nothing is needed until well into the 2030s. That is wrong in two ways. For a public sector organisation the second sentence gives no escape but a deadline, and it applies whether or not you change anything about the system. And for everyone the transitional rule concerns only the high-risk requirements: Article 4 has been running since February 2025 and Article 50 since August 2026, with legacy generative systems having only until 2 December 2026 to get the machine-readable marking of Article 50(2) in order. The first sentence, moreover, is not a resting place but a switch. As soon as the design is significantly changed you must comply fully with what applies to high-risk systems, the conformity assessment first of all; those duties do follow the shifted calendar of 2 December 2027 and 2 August 2028. That switching moment rarely arises at a time you choose: it arises on a supplier update, a migration or a new data source. Two things therefore matter more than the date itself. You need to know when the first unit of each type and model reached the market, because that is the decisive date and without it you cannot later show which track a system was on. And you need a moment in your change process at which someone assesses whether a change is significant, before it goes live.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Amended Article 111(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Recital 39 of Regulation (EU) 2026/1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"New Article 111(4)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Determine per type and model of your high-risk AI systems when the first unit was placed on the market or put into service, and whether the system is intended to be used by public authorities. Record that determination with a date and a reasoning, and note which route applies, because that decides whether your cut off is 2 December 2027 or 2 August 2028. For the systems intended for public authority use, set a plan towards 2 August 2030 that counts back from the conformity assessment and the registration, not from the end date. Also build into your change and release process a review moment at which someone records whether an intended design change is significant, before the change goes into production. Separately, check whether Article 111(4) catches you: if so you have until 2 December 2026 for the marking under Article 50(2).","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Amended Article 111(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Amended Article 113 application dates","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"New Article 111(4)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"applicable","deadline_at":"2030-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"public_page","href":"https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-111-legacy-public-systems","label":"Open the human explanation"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 on EUR-Lex"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","label":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 on EUR-Lex, which amends Article 111"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-10T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-20-corrective-actions","legacy_id":"raip:obligation:article-20-corrective-actions","type":"obligation","slug":"article-20-corrective-actions","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"3da4413e7f76d6cd26cf52cc894dc8b6637916ab4ed1d39776d4446a96c5232c","label":"Article 20: corrective actions and duty of information","summary":"A provider that considers, or has reason to consider, that a high-risk AI system it has placed on the market or put into service is not in conformity with the Regulation must immediately take the necessary corrective actions and inform the distributors accordingly, and, where applicable, also the deployers, the authorised representative and the importers. Where that system also presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1), the provider must immediately investigate the causes and inform the competent market surveillance authorities and, where applicable, the notified body that issued a certificate under Article 44.","topics":["high-risk-requirements","post-market"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"affected_actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"oversight_actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:market-surveillance-authority"],"evidence_owner_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:run-corrective-action-procedure"],"evidence_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:corrective-action-record"],"control_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:non-conformity-escalation-gate"],"template_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:template:article-20-legal-text"],"conditions":[{"id":"article-20-scope","operator":"all","description":"Applies to providers of high-risk AI systems as soon as they consider, or have reason to consider, that a system they have placed on the market or put into service is not in conformity with this Regulation. For the standalone Annex III route (Article 6(2)) the date is 2 December 2027. For systems embedded as a safety component in products covered by the Annex I harmonisation legislation (Article 6(1)) the date is 2 August 2028."},{"id":"article-20-risk-trigger","operator":"any","description":"The second layer in paragraph 2 is added only where the system presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1) and the provider becomes aware of that risk. The investigation of causes and the duty to inform the market surveillance authorities and, where applicable, the notified body that issued a certificate under Article 44, then come on top of the corrective actions under paragraph 1."},{"id":"article-20-article-25-1-becoming-provider","operator":"any","description":"The distributor, the importer and the deployer appear here as affected parties, but that is not their only possible position. Anyone who puts their name or trade mark on a high-risk system already placed on the market, who substantially modifies such a system, or who changes the intended purpose of a system not classified as high-risk so that it becomes high-risk, is considered a provider under Article 25(1) and is subject to the obligations of Article 16. Point (j) of that Article routes straight to Article 20, so this provision then becomes a duty of their own rather than a notification arriving from someone else. In the trade mark case this applies without prejudice to contractual arrangements allocating the obligations otherwise."}],"exceptions":[{"id":"article-20-legacy-systems-article-111-2","operator":"not","description":"Article 20 is by definition about systems already placed on the market or put into service, and that is exactly the group covered by the transitional rule of Article 111(2). That provision was replaced by Article 1, point (39)(a), of Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 and now reads: without prejudice to the application of Article 5 as referred to in Article 113, third paragraph, point (a), this Regulation applies to operators of high-risk AI systems, other than the systems referred to in paragraph 1 of that Article, that have been placed on the market or put into service before the date of application of Chapter III referred to in Article 113, only if, as from that date, those systems are subject to significant changes in their designs. The cut-off is therefore no longer a fixed date in paragraph 2: the date of 2 August 2026 that stood there until that amendment has been removed, and the amended paragraph names no date of its own. The carve-out in paragraph 1 covers systems that are components of the large-scale IT systems listed in Annex X; paragraph 1 was not amended and keeps a cut-off of its own. For systems intended to be used by public authorities the reprieve in paragraph 2 does not hold: there, compliance with the requirements and obligations is due by 2 August 2030 in any event. Which date of application of Chapter III is the cut-off is an open point: the object on Article 111 reads it as route dependent, so 2 December 2027 for the Annex III route and 2 August 2028 for the Annex I route, and marks that reading expressly as preliminary. That question is carried there, not here."}],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Paragraph 1. Providers of high-risk AI systems which consider or have reason to consider that a high-risk AI system that they have placed on the market or put into service is not in conformity with this Regulation shall immediately take the necessary corrective actions to bring that system into conformity, to withdraw it, to disable it, or to recall it, as appropriate. They shall inform the distributors of the high-risk AI system concerned and, where applicable, the deployers, the authorised representative and importers accordingly. Paragraph 2. Where the high-risk AI system presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1) and the provider becomes aware of that risk, it shall immediately investigate the causes, in collaboration with the reporting deployer, where applicable, and inform the market surveillance authorities competent for the high-risk AI system concerned and, where applicable, the notified body that issued a certificate for that high-risk AI system in accordance with Article 44, in particular, of the nature of the non-compliance and of any relevant corrective action taken.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 20(1)-(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"official_fact","text":"For the Annex III route this requirement applies from 2 December 2027; for high-risk AI in regulated products (Annex I) from 2 August 2028.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_locator":"Article 1, point (40)(b), of Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, replacing Article 113, third paragraph, point (c), of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"This provision is rarely read as a procedure, and that is exactly where it goes wrong. Article 20 places four measures side by side that differ sharply in practice, and those four are not legally equivalent. Recall and withdrawal are defined in Article 3(16) and (17), and the knowledge base carries those terms separately; the difference between them is the point in the chain. Bringing a system into conformity is the patch. Disabling is the odd one out: it is practically the heaviest switch, because it stops a customer who is running the system, and it is at the same time the only one of the four the Regulation nowhere defines. Anyone who copies that word into a contract or procedure without deciding for themselves what it means leaves the heaviest measure the vaguest. The second half is the notification, and in practice that is what fails most often. Paragraph 1 asks you to reach your distributors and, where applicable, your deployers, authorised representatives and importers, which is only possible if you hold a current list of who runs the system in which version and through which contact you reach them. That list is not a by-product of your CRM: resale, white labelling and integration mean you have customers you do not know.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 20(1)-(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Paragraph 2 and Article 73 are often built as a single reporting channel, and that goes wrong in two ways. The trigger differs: Article 73 concerns a serious incident that has occurred, Article 20(2) a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1), that is, a risk to the health, safety or fundamental rights of persons. That is not a tidy split between past and future: a serious incident that has occurred usually also means the system presents a risk, so in practice both provisions often fire at the same time. Nor do the recipients differ entirely, because both routes run to market surveillance authorities. The difference sits in the detail: Article 73(1) points to the authorities of the Member States where the incident occurred, Article 20(2) to the authorities competent for the system concerned, and only Article 20(2) adds the notified body that issued a certificate under Article 44. Only Article 73, moreover, sets hard deadlines. So build one internal process with two exits, not two separate channels and not one channel that forgets the notified body.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 20(2), Article 73(1)-(2) and Article 79(1)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Two things within this duty are unsettled. First, what \"immediately\" requires: Article 20 sets no period. The closest anchor in the Regulation is Article 73(2), which ties \"immediately\" to the moment the provider has established a causal link between the system and the incident, or the reasonable likelihood of such a link, with an outer limit of fifteen days after becoming aware. We read Article 20 in that light: act once the signal is confirmed, and not only after a full internal investigation has been completed, because paragraph 2 places the investigation of causes alongside the measures rather than before them. A defensible alternative reading is that a provider first has reasonable time to verify and that \"immediately\" only starts running once the non-conformity is established. Second, the threshold \"reason to consider\": it is nowhere settled whether a complaint from a deployer, a deviating test result or a signal from the post-market monitoring of Article 72 already meets it. Whoever records that themselves can later demonstrate the moment of becoming aware; whoever does not has to reconstruct it after the fact.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 20(2), Article 73(1)-(2) and Article 79(1)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Write out the four measures in paragraph 1 as four concrete scenarios with an owner, a decision maker and a lead time, and decide for yourself what disabling means in your system, because the Regulation does not define that term. Test at least once whether you can actually disable or recall a system without needing a fresh decision to do so. Also keep a record, per system version, of who runs it and through which contact you reach that party, and record which signal meets the \"reason to consider\" threshold in your organisation, so that the moment of becoming aware is demonstrable rather than something reconstructed after the fact.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 20(1)-(2)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"upcoming","deadline_at":"2027-12-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"public_page","href":"https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-20-corrective-actions","label":"Open the human explanation"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 20 on EUR-Lex"},{"relation":"related","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","label":"Binding amended application calendar"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-10T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-23-importer-obligations","legacy_id":"raip:obligation:article-23-importer-obligations","type":"obligation","slug":"article-23-importer-obligations","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"1a3e0958b87d5b96c66eb024898d343fb1a7f570e3fcffbfe56521278f17b278","label":"Article 23: obligations of importers","summary":"Before placing a system on the market the importer verifies four things about the provider, and afterwards carries its own retention, information and notification package with a ten-year term.","topics":["value-chain"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"duty_holder_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:market-surveillance-authority"],"evidence_owner_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer"],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":null,"interpretation_note":null,"obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:run-importer-verification-checklist"],"evidence_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:importer-verification-record"],"control_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:importer-stop-and-notify-control"],"template_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:template:article-23-importer-obligations-legal-text"],"conditions":[{"id":"article-23-importer-obligations-scope","operator":"all","description":"Applies to importers of high-risk AI systems. For the standalone Annex III route (Article 6(2)) the date is 2 December 2027; for the embedded Annex I route (Article 6(1)) the date is 2 August 2028."}],"exceptions":[{"id":"article-23-importer-obligations-exception","operator":"not","description":"If you put your own name or trade mark on the system, substantially modify it, or change the intended purpose so that it becomes high-risk, Article 25(1) treats you as a provider and the duties of Article 16 apply instead of those of Article 23."}],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 23(1) requires importers, before placing a high-risk AI system on the market, to verify that the relevant conformity assessment procedure referred to in Article 43 has been carried out by the provider (point (a)), that the provider has drawn up the technical documentation in accordance with Article 11 and Annex IV (point (b)), that the system bears the required CE marking and is accompanied by the EU declaration of conformity referred to in Article 47 and instructions for use (point (c)), and that the provider has appointed an authorised representative in accordance with Article 22(1) (point (d)). Article 23(2) provides that an importer with sufficient reason to consider that the system is not in conformity, is falsified or is accompanied by falsified documentation shall not place it on the market until it has been brought into conformity, and that where the system presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1) the importer shall inform the provider, the authorised representative and the market surveillance authorities. Paragraph 3 requires indication of name, registered trade name or registered trade mark and contact address. Paragraph 4 requires storage and transport conditions that do not jeopardise compliance with Section 2. Paragraph 5 requires keeping, for 10 years, a copy of the certificate issued by the notified body and, where applicable, of the instructions for use and of the EU declaration of conformity referred to in Article 47. Paragraph 6 requires providing all necessary information and documentation upon a reasoned request in a language easily understood by the authority, and ensuring the technical documentation can be made available. Paragraph 7 requires cooperation with the competent authorities.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 23(1)-(7)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"Article 23 gets underestimated because it looks like document control, and largely it is: you do not have to revalidate the model, you have to be able to show that you checked the four points. The pain sits elsewhere. Point (d) is the one that most often fails in practice: many providers outside the EU have not appointed an authorised representative, and then you simply may not place the system on the market, however far along the deal is. And paragraph 5 puts the ten-year term on you, not on the supplier: if that supplier no longer exists in five years, you still have to produce the documents.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 23(1)-(7)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Move the four verifications of Article 23(1) to the moment before contract signature instead of before delivery. Request the declaration of conformity, the technical documentation, proof of the Article 43 procedure and the authorised representative's details as a condition precedent in the purchase contract.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 23(1)-(7)","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"upcoming","deadline_at":"2027-12-02T00:00:00.000Z","timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"public_page","href":"https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-23-importer-obligations","label":"Open the human explanation"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 23 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-99-101-penalties","legacy_id":"raip:obligation:article-99-101-penalties","type":"obligation","slug":"article-99-101-penalties","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"eebb183c9d9b58597388256d80ac73dc95eca9b9c98dd975ed907b55791e6905","label":"Article 99, 100 and 101: the penalty structure per obligation","summary":"The Regulation carries no single fine amount. For operators, three ceilings attach to different paragraphs of Article 99; in addition the Commission itself fines providers of general-purpose AI models under Article 101, the AI Office can fine in its own right since the 2026 amendment, and Union institutions and bodies face the separate amounts of Article 100. Which ceiling applies depends on which provision was infringed and on who enforces, and not on how serious the consequences are.","topics":["enforcement","prohibited-practices"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"duty_holder_ids":[],"affected_actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:authorised-representative","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:distributor","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:importer","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider"],"oversight_actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:ai-office","praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:market-surveillance-authority"],"evidence_owner_ids":[],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":"out_of_scope","interpretation_status":"preliminary","interpretation_note":"Three things are unsettled here. First, whether an obligation not named in Article 99(3) to (5) carries a ceiling from the Regulation itself. We read Article 16, point (a), which obliges the provider to ensure that its high-risk systems comply with the requirements of Chapter III, Section 2, as meaning that non-compliance with Articles 9 to 15 by a provider is at the same time non-compliance with Article 16 and therefore sits inside the 3 percent ceiling, and Article 26 the same way for the deployer, including the duties that Article 26(5) draws in through Article 72 and Article 73. A defensible alternative reading is that the enumeration in paragraph 4 is meant strictly and covers only the duties written in Article 16 and Article 26 themselves, leaving the level for Articles 9 to 15 entirely to the national rules that paragraph 1 requires Member States to lay down. Second, what undertaking and total worldwide annual turnover in paragraphs 3 to 5 cover: the Regulation does not define this, and the difference between the turnover of the legal person fined and that of the group it belongs to is an order of magnitude in practice. We hold to the group reading because undertaking is construed that way in Union competition law, but that provenance is exactly the weak point: the Regulation nowhere refers to it, and the reading that the fined legal person is meant is equally defensible as long as there is no case law under this Regulation. Third, how far Article 75c(4) displaces the enumeration in paragraph 4: on its terms that provision governs enforcement by the AI Office over the operators of Article 75(1), and whether anything follows from it for the national route is unsettled. We read it narrowly, that is for the Office alone, and that is a reading and not settled law.","obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:article-99-101-map-penalty-tiers"],"evidence_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:article-99-101-penalty-exposure-register"],"control_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:article-99-101-mitigating-factor-record"],"template_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:template:article-99-101-legal-text"],"conditions":[{"id":"article-99-101-penalties-scope","operator":"all","description":"Relevant as soon as you are an operator within the meaning of the Regulation, that is a provider, product manufacturer, deployer, authorised representative, importer or distributor, and one of the provisions named in Article 99(3), (4) or (5) is engaged. The Article 101 regime is additionally relevant where you are a provider of a general-purpose AI model, because there the Commission fines you itself. If you fall within the competence of the AI Office under Article 75(1), Article 75c is added on top."}],"exceptions":[{"id":"article-99-101-penalties-exception","operator":"not","description":"Paragraph 6 reverses the calculation for SMEs, including start-ups: for them the lower of the percentage and the amount applies, where for other undertakings it is the higher of the two, and it does so for every fine referred to in Article 99. The inserted paragraph 6a does the same for small mid-cap enterprises, but expressly only for paragraphs 4 and 5, so the Article 5 band is not reversed for them. Paragraph 8 leaves it to each Member State to determine to what extent administrative fines may be imposed on public authorities and bodies established in that Member State, so the ceiling for a public organisation does not follow from the Regulation. Paragraph 9 allows the fine to be imposed by the competent national courts or by other bodies rather than by the authority in some Member States."}],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Paragraph 1, as replaced by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, requires Member States to lay down the rules on penalties and other enforcement measures, which may also include administrative fines, warnings and non-monetary measures, applicable to any infringement of this Regulation by operators, provides that those penalties shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive, and requires Member States to take into account the interests of SMEs, including start-ups, and SMCs, and their economic viability when imposing penalties. Paragraph 2 requires Member States to notify those rules to the Commission without delay and at the latest by the date of entry into application, and to notify any subsequent amendment without delay. Paragraph 3 sets, for non-compliance with the prohibition of the AI practices referred to in Article 5, administrative fines of up to EUR 35 000 000 or, if the offender is an undertaking, up to 7 % of its total worldwide annual turnover for the preceding financial year, whichever is higher. Paragraph 4 sets, for non-compliance with provisions related to operators or notified bodies other than those laid down in Article 5, fines of up to EUR 15 000 000 or, if the offender is an undertaking, up to 3 % of that same turnover, whichever is higher, and enumerates: obligations of providers pursuant to Article 16, of authorised representatives pursuant to Article 22, of importers pursuant to Article 23, of distributors pursuant to Article 24, point (da) inserted by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, obligations of providers and operators pursuant to Article 25(2) and (4), obligations of deployers pursuant to Article 26, requirements and obligations of notified bodies pursuant to Article 31, Article 33(1), (3) and (4) or Article 34, and transparency obligations for providers and deployers pursuant to Article 50. Paragraph 5 sets, for the supply of incorrect, incomplete or misleading information to notified bodies or national competent authorities in reply to a request, fines of up to EUR 7 500 000 or, if the offender is an undertaking, up to 1 % of that same turnover, whichever is higher. Paragraph 6 provides that in the case of SMEs, including start-ups, each fine referred to in this Article shall be up to the percentages or amount referred to in paragraphs 3, 4 and 5, whichever thereof is lower. The paragraph 6a inserted by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 provides that in the case of SMCs, each fine referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5 shall be up to the percentages or amount referred therein, whichever is lower. Paragraph 7 enumerates what is taken into account when deciding whether to impose a fine and when deciding on the amount: the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement and of its consequences, whether administrative fines have already been applied by other market surveillance authorities to the same operator for the same infringement, whether other authorities have already fined that operator for infringements of other Union or national law resulting from the same activity or omission, the size, annual turnover and market share of the operator, any other aggravating or mitigating factor such as financial benefits gained or losses avoided, the degree of cooperation with the national competent authorities, the degree of responsibility of the operator taking into account the technical and organisational measures it implemented, the manner in which the infringement became known to the authorities and whether the operator notified it, the intentional or negligent character of the infringement, and any action taken by the operator to mitigate the harm suffered by the affected persons. Paragraph 8 provides that each Member State shall lay down rules on to what extent administrative fines may be imposed on public authorities and bodies established in that Member State. Paragraph 9 provides that, depending on the legal system of the Member State, the rules may be applied in such a manner that fines are imposed by competent national courts or by other bodies, with equivalent effect. Paragraph 10 subjects the exercise of these powers to appropriate procedural safeguards in accordance with Union and national law, including effective judicial remedies and due process. Paragraph 11 requires Member States to report annually to the Commission on the administrative fines they issued and on any related litigation or judicial proceedings. Chapter XII, which contains Article 99, has applied since 2 August 2025, with the exception of Article 101; the amendments to Article 99 have applied since 27 July 2026.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 99(1)-(11)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","source_locator":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, Article 1, point (38)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 113, third paragraph, point (b)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","source_locator":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, Article 1, point (40)"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 101(1) provides that the Commission may impose on providers of general-purpose AI models fines not exceeding 3 % of their annual total worldwide turnover in the preceding financial year or EUR 15 000 000, whichever is higher, where it finds that the provider intentionally or negligently infringed the relevant provisions of this Regulation, failed to comply with a request for a document or for information pursuant to Article 91 or supplied incorrect, incomplete or misleading information, failed to comply with a measure requested under Article 93, or failed to make available access to the model with a view to conducting an evaluation pursuant to Article 92. In fixing the amount of the fine or periodic penalty payment, regard shall be had to the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement, taking due account of the principles of proportionality and appropriateness, and the Commission shall also take into account commitments made in accordance with Article 93(3) or made in relevant codes of practice in accordance with Article 56. Paragraph 2 requires the Commission to communicate its preliminary findings to the provider and give it an opportunity to be heard before adopting the decision. Paragraph 3 provides that fines imposed shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. Paragraph 4 provides that information on fines imposed shall also be communicated to the Board as appropriate. Paragraph 5 gives the Court of Justice of the European Union unlimited jurisdiction to review decisions of the Commission fixing a fine and provides that it may cancel, reduce or increase the fine. Paragraph 6 requires the Commission to adopt implementing acts containing detailed arrangements and procedural safeguards for proceedings that may lead to a decision under paragraph 1. Article 101 is excluded from the earlier application of Chapter XII and has therefore applied since 2 August 2026. Alongside this regime, Article 100 carries its own scheme for Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies: the European Data Protection Supervisor may impose administrative fines on them of up to EUR 1 500 000 for non-compliance with the prohibition in Article 5 and up to EUR 750 000 for non-compliance with other requirements or obligations under this Regulation. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 did not amend Articles 100 and 101.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 101(1)-(6)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 100(1)-(3)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 113, third paragraph, point (b)"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Article 75c(4), inserted by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, provides that a decision of the AI Office may be accompanied by the imposition of penalties in accordance with Article 99(3) to (7), which provisions apply mutatis mutandis to the Office in the execution of its supervision and enforcement tasks referred to in Article 75(1). In particular, the following are subject to administrative fines as referred to in Article 99(4): infringement of any applicable provision of this Regulation, including those not listed in Article 99(4); failure to comply with decisions or measures adopted pursuant to Article 14(4) or Article 16(3) of Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 and the powers specified in Article 75a; and failure to comply with a commitment made binding pursuant to Article 75b. The supply of incorrect, incomplete or misleading information to the Office is subject to the fines of Article 99(5). Paragraph 5 additionally allows the Office to impose periodic penalty payments to compel, among other things, submission to an investigation, compliance with an information request, submission to an inspection or compliance with a binding commitment; those payments shall not exceed 5 % of the average daily income or worldwide annual turnover in the preceding financial year per day. Paragraph 6 gives the Court of Justice unlimited jurisdiction over decisions of the Office fixing a fine or periodic penalty payment, and paragraph 8 subjects the powers of the Office to a limitation period of five years, with the same period for the power to enforce decisions taken. Note: the two authentic language editions of Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 diverge here. The English edition states five years in both subparagraphs of Article 75c(8); the Dutch edition states three years in both subparagraphs of Article 75 quater(8). This statement renders in each language what the edition in that language says and makes no silent choice. The implementing act under Article 75d(3) is to specify both subparagraphs, including the circumstances in which the limitation periods are interrupted; until it exists, the divergence remains an open question of interpretation.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","source_locator":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, Article 1, point (32)"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The ceiling follows the provision, not the harm. That is the point routinely missed in boardrooms: a single amount gets budgeted for \"the AI Act fine\", while operators face three bands in Article 99 and there are separate regimes on top for Union institutions and for providers of general-purpose AI models. The highest band, EUR 35 million or 7 percent, belongs to Article 5 alone. Until recently that was a list of practices you either engage in or do not, but since the amendment of Article 5 that is no longer true: for the new prohibitions on sexual imagery, placing on the market is also prohibited where such generation is a reasonably foreseeable and reproducible outcome and the system lacks reasonable and adequate technical safety measures and safeguards. That is a duty to take measures inside the highest band, and it applies from 2 December 2026. The middle band, EUR 15 million or 3 percent, belongs to the enumeration in paragraph 4: the role duties of the provider, the authorised representative, the importer, the distributor and the deployer, since 27 July 2026 also Article 25(2) and (4), plus Article 50. What is not named there is at least as interesting: Article 4 and Article 27 do not appear, and the requirements of Chapter III reach the ceiling at most through Article 16 and Article 26. Note that Article 72 and Article 73 do come within reach for the deployer, because Article 26(5) obliges it to inform in accordance with Article 72 and declares Article 73 applicable mutatis mutandis, and Article 26 is named in paragraph 4. Two further things. Paragraph 5 turns answering an information request badly into its own fine category at 1 percent, independently of the underlying infringement. And paragraph 7 is not a discount scheme: it works both ways, because its opening words concern the decision whether or not to impose a fine and point (e) expressly names aggravating factors such as financial benefits gained. What you can steer are the factors you can evidence: your technical and organisational measures, your notification behaviour, your cooperation, and what you did after an incident to mitigate the harm suffered by affected persons. Two dates that matter in practice: the prohibition in Article 5 has applied since 2 February 2025 but Chapter XII only since 2 August 2025, so for conduct in between there is no administrative fine under Article 99(3). That gap does not return for the new Article 5 prohibitions of 2 December 2026: Chapter XII will by then have applied for well over a year, so the penalty regime exists on the day those prohibitions start to apply. And whoever falls within the competence of the AI Office must drop the idea that the enumeration in paragraph 4 is closed: Article 75c(4) places infringement of any applicable provision in the EUR 15 million or 3 percent band there, expressly including provisions not listed in paragraph 4.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 99(1)-(11)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","source_locator":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, Article 1, point (7)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","source_locator":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, Article 1, point (32)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 113, third paragraph, point (b)"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Add a column to your obligations register carrying the ceiling that belongs to each entry, with three values: Article 99(3), Article 99(4), or national law under Article 99(1). Determine per general-purpose AI model that you provide yourself whether the Commission's Article 101 regime is added on top, and determine whether you fall under Article 75(1), because the Article 75c regime with periodic penalty payments then applies as well. Also record, per obligation, which of the factors in Article 99(7) you could actually show, in particular the technical and organisational measures implemented, your notification behaviour, your cooperation with the authority and the steps you take to mitigate harm to affected persons, because that is the part of the amount you can influence yourself. This is our recommendation and not a duty under the Regulation: Article 99 addresses the Member States and imposes no deadline whatsoever on an operator.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 99(1)-(11)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_locator":"Article 101(1)-(6)"},{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2026-1744","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","source_locator":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, Article 1, point (32)"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"applicable","deadline_at":null,"timing_basis":null,"high_risk_regime_from":null,"links":[{"relation":"public_page","href":"https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-99-101-penalties","label":"Open the human explanation"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 99, 100 and 101 on EUR-Lex"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj","label":"Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, the amendment of Article 99"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-10T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}},{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:template:article-111-legal-text","legacy_id":"raip:template:article-111-legal-text","type":"template","slug":"article-111-legal-text","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"38dd22cf8878f0f09dbd8e27001f8de7d6cbe4017cb5495e1203f560fc43c032","label":"Full text of Article 111","summary":"The legal text on EUR-Lex: the base text in Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 and the replacement of paragraph 2 and the addition of paragraph 4 in Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. 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