{"meta":{"dataset_id":"praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph","dataset_version":"2.1.0","schema_version":"1.4.0","lang":"en","effective_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","count":1,"filters":{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-85-right-to-complain","type":"obligation","role":null,"duty_holder":null,"topic":null},"identifiers":{"canonical_namespace":"praxikon","canonical_form":"praxikon:<jurisdiction>:<regulation>:<type>:<slug>","legacy_namespace":"raip","legacy_resolution":"permanent","resolved":{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-85-right-to-complain","role":null,"duty_holder":null}}},"data":[{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-85-right-to-complain","legacy_id":"raip:obligation:article-85-right-to-complain","type":"obligation","slug":"article-85-right-to-complain","version":"1.0.0","effective_at":"2026-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","known_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","valid_until":null,"payload_hash_sha256":"721db6d8aebb1ea9c2681a8ed7ba0daa59165fc2d8f3dc8d8974695ff70869fe","label":"Article 85: right to lodge a complaint with the market surveillance authority","summary":"Anyone with grounds to consider that the Regulation has been infringed may lodge a complaint with the relevant market surveillance authority. For an organisation that means your own staff, customers and candidates have a route to the regulator that does not run through you.","topics":["fundamental-rights"],"actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer"],"duty_holder_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer"],"affected_actor_ids":[],"oversight_actor_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:market-surveillance-authority"],"evidence_owner_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer"],"duty_holder_uncertainty_status":null,"interpretation_status":"preliminary","interpretation_note":"The right itself is settled; what it asks of you is not. Article 85 addresses the market surveillance authority and imposes no literal duty on the organisation complained about: there is no deadline, no duty to inform and no requirement to set up an internal complaints channel. We nonetheless read a practical consequence into it, namely that you must be able to rebut a complaint with recorded evidence at the moment the authority asks, and that is not the same as a duty following from the text. A defensible alternative reading is that this article is purely procedural for you and that your preparation is governed entirely by Article 26 and Article 72. It is also unclear how this right to complain relates to the right to complain under the GDPR where the same conduct engages both.","obligation_ids":[],"change_ids":[],"action_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:action:prepare-for-a-complaint"],"evidence_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:evidence:explanation-request-record"],"control_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:control:explanation-request-routing"],"template_ids":["praxikon:eu:ai-act:template:article-85-legal-text"],"conditions":[{"id":"article-85-scope","operator":"all","description":"Applies as soon as anyone has grounds to consider that the Regulation has been infringed. There is no standing threshold: the right belongs to any person, and the complaint goes to the market surveillance authority of the Member State concerned."}],"exceptions":[],"statements":[{"kind":"official_fact","text":"Without prejudice to other administrative or judicial remedies, any natural or legal person having grounds to consider that there has been an infringement of the provisions of this Regulation may submit complaints to the relevant market surveillance authority. In accordance with Regulation (EU) 2019/1020, such complaints shall be taken into account for the purpose of conducting market surveillance activities, and shall be handled in line with the dedicated procedures established therefor by the market surveillance authorities.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 85","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"}},{"kind":"editorial_interpretation","text":"The practical meaning of this article lies not in what it instructs you to do but in whom it gives a route. An employee who thinks the scheduling or appraisal system is wrong, a rejected candidate, a customer who feels mishandled: they do not have to convince you first and do not have to show standing. The complaint arrives at the authority, and the first question you then face is about record keeping: which system, which version, which assessment was carried out and when. That is the same record keeping Articles 26 and 72 already require of you, and that is exactly the point. Whoever has that file answers a complaint with documents; whoever does not answers it with a reconstruction after the fact, and a regulator reads that differently. Note too that this right does not depend on harm or on a decision, whereas the right to an explanation in Article 86 does.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 85","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}},{"kind":"recommended_action","text":"Assume a complaint starts at the authority and not with you. Make sure that per AI system you can show which assessment was carried out, by whom, on what date and against which system version, and keep that as a living file rather than a one-off document. Also agree internally who receives a question from an authority and within what period.","citations":[{"source_id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","source_locator":"Article 85","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"editorial"}}],"legal_status":"applicable","deadline_at":"2026-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","links":[{"relation":"public_page","href":"https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-85-right-to-complain","label":"Open the human explanation"},{"relation":"official_source","href":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","label":"Article 85 on EUR-Lex"}],"review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"source_review":{"level":"source_verified","last_checked_at":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","next_review_due_at":"2027-02-10T00:00:00.000Z","date_basis":"first_publication"}}],"included":{"sources":[{"id":"praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689","title":{"nl":"EU AI-verordening 2024/1689","en":"EU Artificial Intelligence Act 2024/1689"},"publisher":{"nl":"Europees Parlement en Raad","en":"European Parliament and Council"},"canonical_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","eli":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_version":"original-oj-2024-07-12","verified_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","fingerprint_basis":"canonical_url|source_version|verified_at","source_record_hash_sha256":"bf0fca3e1fb47ce58924f6e736d572bb5db3812c3276c0b2891fbf328c42a5c6","review":{"reviewed_at":"2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewer":"Praxikon release validation","review_method":"source_link_and_rule_validation","legal_status":"source_checked"},"legacy_id":"raip:source:reg-eu-2024-1689"}]},"links":{"self":"https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-85-right-to-complain&lang=en","alternate":"https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-85-right-to-complain&lang=en&format=jsonld","licence":"https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"}}