DefinitionIn forcev1.0.0

Profiling

Taken from the GDPR, but decisive in the AI Act: an Annex III system that profiles always remains high-risk.

The official source remains authoritative. This is general information about obligations and not legal advice. See this object on the map

Address and citation

This object has an address of its own that is never renamed or reused. Store the identifier in your own file, not the title or the link.

Identifier: praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-profilering
Payload hash (sha256): a93aa74cab4873b611f98e223294c400f8b1a82e9a410d48051d44b8ef4a8624

Citation line

Praxikon, "Profiling", praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-profilering@1.0.0, dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0), effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z, sha256 a93aa74cab4873b611f98e223294c400f8b1a82e9a410d48051d44b8ef4a8624

Version: 1.0.0
Legal time (effective_at): 8 August 2026
Knowledge time (known_at): 8 August 2026
Closed on: Not closed
Application date: 1 August 2024
Topics: definitions

Review status: Placed against the official source (8 August 2026). Next check due by 4 February 2027. The check date is the knowledge date of this version; no later recheck has been recorded.

What this object links to

Every relation appears below as a path: from the source with its locator, through the conditions and exceptions of the object carrying the relation, to the consequence. A locator belongs to a statement in the data and not to a relation, so the source is the source anchor of the carrying object.

What this object is about

2 of 2 shown

The object is about this role. Undifferentiated: it does not follow that the duty rests on this role.

Source
Official fact on this object, with its locator.
- EU Artificial Intelligence Act 2024/1689
  Locator: Article 3(52)
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689
  Open official source
Via
No condition or exception recorded on this object.
Consequence
- ActorDeployer
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer
- ActorProvider of an AI system
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider

What this object states

Official fact

Attributable to a named primary source, with a locator. Where they differ, the official source prevails.

Article 3(52) defines profiling as profiling as defined in Article 4, point (4), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679.
- Locator: Article 3(52)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

Our interpretation

Our own reading. It can change without the law changing, and it is not the position of a supervisory authority.

This is the most important of the three GDPR cross-references. Article 6(3) offers an exception under which an Annex III system is nonetheless not treated as high-risk, for instance because it performs a narrow procedural task or only preparatory work. That exception falls away entirely once the system profiles within the meaning of the GDPR: automated processing to evaluate personal aspects such as performance, reliability, behaviour, health or preferences. In practice most recruitment, credit scoring and fraud detection applications do profile, so the exception many organisations invoke rarely holds.
- Locator: Article 3(52)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

Recommended step

A practical step we consider appropriate. Not an obligation following from the Regulation.

For each Annex III system, record explicitly whether it profiles within the meaning of Article 4(4) GDPR, with the reasoning and the date. Keep that reasoning with your Article 6(3) assessment; it is the first document a supervisor will ask for.
- Locator: Article 3(52)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

When this applies

No condition recorded on this object.

When this does not apply

No exception recorded on this object.

Referring to this object

Citation block

Copy this reference into your advice, article or file. The identifier, the version and the hash keep the statement findable later, even once the dataset has moved on.

Reference

Praxikon, "Profiling",
praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-profilering@1.0.0,
dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0),
effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z,
sha256 a93aa74cab4873b611f98e223294c400f8b1a82e9a410d48051d44b8ef4a8624,
https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/definition/definitie-profilering
(https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/entities?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Adefinition%3Adefinitie-profilering&effective_at=2026-08-08&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en, accessed 2026-08-23)

Short form

praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-profilering@1.0.0 (sha256 a93aa74c)

BibTeX

@misc{praxikon-eu-ai-act-definition-definitie-profilering-1-0-0,
  author       = {{Praxikon}},
  title        = {Profiling},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {1.0.0},
  number       = {praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-profilering},
  howpublished = {AI Act Change \& Evidence Graph, dataset 2.1.0, schema 1.4.0},
  note         = {effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 a93aa74cab4873b611f98e223294c400f8b1a82e9a410d48051d44b8ef4a8624},
  url          = {https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/definition/definitie-profilering},
  urldate      = {2026-08-23},
  language     = {en}
}

CSL JSON

[
  {
    "id": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-profilering@1.0.0",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": "Profiling",
    "container-title": "AI Act Change & Evidence Graph",
    "publisher": "Praxikon",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "number": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-profilering",
    "URL": "https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/definition/definitie-profilering",
    "language": "en",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          8
        ]
      ]
    },
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          23
        ]
      ]
    },
    "note": "dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0; schema 1.4.0; effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 a93aa74cab4873b611f98e223294c400f8b1a82e9a410d48051d44b8ef4a8624; retrieved_from https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/entities?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Adefinition%3Adefinitie-profilering&effective_at=2026-08-08&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en; licence https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"
  }
]

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