DefinitionIn forcev1.0.0

General-purpose AI model (GPAI model)

The model is not the system, and that distinction determines which chapter of obligations applies to you.

The official source remains authoritative. This is general information about obligations and not legal advice. See this object on the map

Address and citation

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Identifier: praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden
Payload hash (sha256): 795f4732b91cc2ce447293a5033eb5f17030d362ee7c05787c7f1c49ee8bc1de

Citation line

Praxikon, "General-purpose AI model (GPAI model)", praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden@1.0.0, dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0), effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z, sha256 795f4732b91cc2ce447293a5033eb5f17030d362ee7c05787c7f1c49ee8bc1de

Version: 1.0.0
Legal time (effective_at): 8 August 2026
Knowledge time (known_at): 8 August 2026
Closed on: Not closed
Application date: 2 February 2025
Topics: definitions

Review status: Placed against the official source (8 August 2026). Next check due by 4 February 2027. The check date is the knowledge date of this version; no later recheck has been recorded.

What this object links to

Every relation appears below as a path: from the source with its locator, through the conditions and exceptions of the object carrying the relation, to the consequence. A locator belongs to a statement in the data and not to a relation, so the source is the source anchor of the carrying object.

What this object is about

3 of 3 shown

The object is about this role. Undifferentiated: it does not follow that the duty rests on this role.

Source
Official fact on this object, with its locator.
- EU Artificial Intelligence Act 2024/1689
  Locator: Article 3(63), (66)
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689
  Open official source
Via
- ExceptionAI models used for research, development or prototyping activities before they are placed on the market fall outside the definition.
As long as this exception is not ruled out, the outcome stays conditional and you have to establish it yourself.
Consequence
- ActorDeployer
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer
- ActorProvider of a GPAI model
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider
- ActorProvider of an AI system
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:provider

What this object states

Official fact

Attributable to a named primary source, with a locator. Where they differ, the official source prevails.

Article 3(63) defines a general-purpose AI model as an AI model, including where such a model is trained with a large amount of data using self-supervision at scale, that displays significant generality and is capable of competently performing a wide range of distinct tasks regardless of the way the model is placed on the market and that can be integrated into a variety of downstream systems or applications, except AI models used for research, development or prototyping activities before they are placed on the market. Point 66 separately defines a general-purpose AI system as an AI system which is based on a general-purpose AI model and which has the capability to serve a variety of purposes, both for direct use as well as for integration in other AI systems.
- Locator: Article 3(63), (66)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

Our interpretation

Our own reading. It can change without the law changing, and it is not the position of a supervisory authority.

Model and system are used interchangeably in practice, and that is the heart of the confusion. Point 63 concerns the model, point 66 the system built on top of it. Obligations for GPAI models rest on the model provider; an organisation embedding that model in its own application is in principle dealing with the regime for AI systems. Two further things are missed. The definition expressly excludes models used for research, development or prototyping before they are placed on the market, so the exception lapses at the moment of placing on the market. And the phrase regardless of the way the model is placed on the market means that openly released models can fall within the definition too. On timing: Article 53 has applied since 2 August 2025, the enforcement powers of the Commission and the AI Office and the fines of Article 101 have been active since 2 August 2026, and for models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 the period runs until 2 August 2027.
- Locator: Article 3(63), (66)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

Recommended step

A practical step we consider appropriate. Not an obligation following from the Regulation.

Distinguish the model layer and the system layer explicitly in your register, and record per application which underlying model is used, from which provider, and whether your organisation itself places that model on the market. When developing your own models, record the moment the research or prototyping stage ends, because that is where the regime begins.
- Locator: Article 3(63), (66)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

When this applies

No condition recorded on this object.

When this does not apply

AI models used for research, development or prototyping activities before they are placed on the market fall outside the definition.

Referring to this object

Citation block

Copy this reference into your advice, article or file. The identifier, the version and the hash keep the statement findable later, even once the dataset has moved on.

Reference

Praxikon, "General-purpose AI model (GPAI model)",
praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden@1.0.0,
dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0),
effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z,
sha256 795f4732b91cc2ce447293a5033eb5f17030d362ee7c05787c7f1c49ee8bc1de,
https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/definition/definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden
(https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/entities?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Adefinition%3Adefinitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden&effective_at=2026-08-08&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en, accessed 2026-08-23)

Short form

praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden@1.0.0 (sha256 795f4732)

BibTeX

@misc{praxikon-eu-ai-act-definition-definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden-1-0-0,
  author       = {{Praxikon}},
  title        = {General-purpose AI model (GPAI model)},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {1.0.0},
  number       = {praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden},
  howpublished = {AI Act Change \& Evidence Graph, dataset 2.1.0, schema 1.4.0},
  note         = {effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 795f4732b91cc2ce447293a5033eb5f17030d362ee7c05787c7f1c49ee8bc1de},
  url          = {https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/definition/definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden},
  urldate      = {2026-08-23},
  language     = {en}
}

CSL JSON

[
  {
    "id": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden@1.0.0",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": "General-purpose AI model (GPAI model)",
    "container-title": "AI Act Change & Evidence Graph",
    "publisher": "Praxikon",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "number": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:definition:definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden",
    "URL": "https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/definition/definitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden",
    "language": "en",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          8
        ]
      ]
    },
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          23
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      ]
    },
    "note": "dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0; schema 1.4.0; effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 795f4732b91cc2ce447293a5033eb5f17030d362ee7c05787c7f1c49ee8bc1de; retrieved_from https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/entities?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Adefinition%3Adefinitie-ai-model-voor-algemene-doeleinden&effective_at=2026-08-08&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en; licence https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"
  }
]

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