ExampleEditorialv1.0.0

Police fine-tuning a model for investigations: settle the role question first

A police service fine-tunes an open general-purpose model on its own files from ongoing criminal investigations, so that detectives can see links between suspects and cases sooner. The fine-tuned model stays inside the service and is not made available to anyone else. The question is whether the service thereby becomes a provider of a general-purpose AI model itself, and so falls under Article 53.

The official source remains authoritative. This is general information about obligations and not legal advice. See this object on the map

Address and citation

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Identifier: praxikon:eu:ai-act:example:example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing
Payload hash (sha256): f76e99119daefd7c5cfc07f8db92500ea93ce6a13b3e86aff47818a0a15cb89a

Citation line

Praxikon, "Police fine-tuning a model for investigations: settle the role question first", praxikon:eu:ai-act:example:example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing@1.0.0, dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0), effective_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z, sha256 f76e99119daefd7c5cfc07f8db92500ea93ce6a13b3e86aff47818a0a15cb89a

Version: 1.0.0
Legal time (effective_at): 1 August 2024
Knowledge time (known_at): 8 August 2026
Closed on: Not closed
Topics: examples

Review status: Placed against the official source (8 August 2026). Next check due by 4 February 2027. The check date is the knowledge date of this version; no later recheck has been recorded.

What this object links to

Every relation appears below as a path: from the source with its locator, through the conditions and exceptions of the object carrying the relation, to the consequence. A locator belongs to a statement in the data and not to a relation, so the source is the source anchor of the carrying object.

The obligation this hangs off

1 of 1 shown

The object belongs to this obligation. The source line it hangs off sits there.

Source
Official fact on this object, with its locator.
- EU Artificial Intelligence Act 2024/1689
  Locator: Article 53(1) and (2)
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689
  Open official source
Via
No condition or exception recorded on this object.
Consequence
- ObligationArticle 53: GPAI model providers
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai

What this object is about

2 of 2 shown

The object is about this role. Undifferentiated: it does not follow that the duty rests on this role.

Source
Official fact on this object, with its locator.
- EU Artificial Intelligence Act 2024/1689
  Locator: Article 53(1) and (2)
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689
  Open official source
Via
No condition or exception recorded on this object.
Consequence
- ActorDeployer
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:deployer
- ActorProvider of a GPAI model
  praxikon:eu:ai-act:actor:gpai-model-provider

What this object states

Official fact

Attributable to a named primary source, with a locator. Where they differ, the official source prevails.

Article 53(1) requires providers of general-purpose AI models to do four things: draw up and keep up-to-date the technical documentation of the model, including its training and testing process and the results of its evaluation, containing at a minimum the information set out in Annex XI so that it can be provided on request to the AI Office and the national competent authorities; draw up, keep up-to-date and make available information and documentation to providers of AI systems who intend to integrate the model, containing at a minimum the elements set out in Annex XII; put in place a policy to comply with Union law on copyright and related rights; and draw up and make publicly available a sufficiently detailed summary about the content used for training, according to a template provided by the AI Office. Article 53(2) provides that the obligations under points (a) and (b) do not apply to providers of models released under a free and open-source licence that allows for the access, usage, modification and distribution of the model, and whose parameters, including the weights, the information on the model architecture and the information on model usage, are made publicly available, and that this exception does not apply to general-purpose AI models with systemic risks.
- Locator: Article 53(1) and (2)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

Our interpretation

Our own reading. It can change without the law changing, and it is not the position of a supervisory authority.

Start with your role, because merely using someone else's model does not by itself make you a model provider; Article 53 does not say at what point a service that fine-tunes crosses that line, and the point deserves an explicit answer rather than an assumption. A further question comes before Article 53: whether your fine-tuned investigation model has been placed on the market within the meaning of the Regulation. That it never leaves the service does not settle this on its own, since the Commission's guidelines on the scope of the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models also treat internal use affecting the rights of natural persons as placing on the market. We read paragraph 2 as attaching the open-source exception to your own model rather than carrying it over automatically from the model you started out with: if you do not publish the weights and architecture of the fine-tuned model, which is the obvious course in criminal matters, then on that reading the exception is not open to you, and the duties under points (c) and (d) remain in place in any event, since paragraph 2 lifts only points (a) and (b). So record, version by version, exactly what you changed, on which data and to what end, because that record is what decides whether you stand here as a user or as a provider.
- Locator: Article 53(1) and (2)praxikon:eu:ai-act:source:reg-eu-2024-1689Open official source

When this applies

No condition recorded on this object.

When this does not apply

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Referring to this object

Citation block

Copy this reference into your advice, article or file. The identifier, the version and the hash keep the statement findable later, even once the dataset has moved on.

Reference

Praxikon, "Police fine-tuning a model for investigations: settle the role question first",
praxikon:eu:ai-act:example:example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing@1.0.0,
dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0),
effective_at 2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z,
sha256 f76e99119daefd7c5cfc07f8db92500ea93ce6a13b3e86aff47818a0a15cb89a,
https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/example/example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing
(https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/entities?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aexample%3Aexample-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing&effective_at=2024-08-01&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en, accessed 2026-08-25)

Short form

praxikon:eu:ai-act:example:example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing@1.0.0 (sha256 f76e9911)

BibTeX

@misc{praxikon-eu-ai-act-example-example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing-1-0-0,
  author       = {{Praxikon}},
  title        = {Police fine-tuning a model for investigations: settle the role question first},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {1.0.0},
  number       = {praxikon:eu:ai-act:example:example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing},
  howpublished = {AI Act Change \& Evidence Graph, dataset 2.1.0, schema 1.4.0},
  note         = {effective_at 2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 f76e99119daefd7c5cfc07f8db92500ea93ce6a13b3e86aff47818a0a15cb89a},
  url          = {https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/example/example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing},
  urldate      = {2026-08-25},
  language     = {en}
}

CSL JSON

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    "type": "dataset",
    "title": "Police fine-tuning a model for investigations: settle the role question first",
    "container-title": "AI Act Change & Evidence Graph",
    "publisher": "Praxikon",
    "version": "1.0.0",
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    "URL": "https://www.praxikon.com/en/verkenner/example/example-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing",
    "language": "en",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
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    },
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
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    },
    "note": "dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0; schema 1.4.0; effective_at 2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 f76e99119daefd7c5cfc07f8db92500ea93ce6a13b3e86aff47818a0a15cb89a; retrieved_from https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/entities?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aexample%3Aexample-politie-model-bijtrainen-opsporing&effective_at=2024-08-01&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en; licence https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"
  }
]

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