Guideline
Guidelines 1/2024 on processing of personal data based on Article 6(1)(f) GDPR (legitimate interest)
- Date
- Status
- adopted
- Body
- European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Reference
- Guidelines 1/2024, versie 1.0 (consultatie 10/2024)
What it is about
The EDPB describes three cumulative conditions for relying on legitimate interest: a lawful, clearly articulated and present interest, necessity of the processing, and a balancing test in which the data subject's rights do not override that interest. The controller must assess and document this before processing starts. The text takes account of CJEU judgment C-621/22 (KNLTB, 4 October 2024) and covers fraud prevention, direct marketing and network and information security. Version 1.0 was adopted on 8 October 2024 for public consultation, which ran from 9 October to 20 November 2024. As of 15 September 2026 the EDPB has published only version 1.0; there is no final version yet.
What this means in practice
You document a balancing test (LIA) per processing operation before you start and can demonstrate it. You review the test when the purpose or scope of the processing changes, and you inform data subjects of the interest pursued. For direct marketing, objecting must always be easy and free of charge (Article 21(2)) and an objection always wins. For other processing, such as fraud prevention, the general right to object of Article 21(1) applies, and you must show compelling legitimate grounds to continue.
The GDPR articles concerned
- Article 5: Principles relating to processing of personal data
- Article 6: Lawfulness of processing
- Article 13: Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject
- Article 14: Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject
- Article 21: Right to object
Source: EDPB public consultation page and Guidelines 1/2024 version 1.0 (PDF)checked on 15 September 2026
Summary and practical reading by Praxikon. Not legal advice; the source prevails.
Connections
What connects to this development
Themes where this returns
The counterpart in the other law
- Article 10 AI Act: Data and data governance
- Article 11 AI Act: Technical documentation
via Keeping records: record of processing, technical documentation and logs
- Article 12 AI Act: Record-keeping
via Keeping records: record of processing, technical documentation and logs
- Article 14 AI Act: Human oversight
- Article 18 AI Act: Documentation keeping
via Keeping records: record of processing, technical documentation and logs
- Article 19 AI Act: Automatically generated logs
via Keeping records: record of processing, technical documentation and logs
- Article 26 AI Act: Obligations of deployers of high-risk AI systems
via Keeping records: record of processing, technical documentation and logs
- Article 50 AI Act: Transparency obligations for providers and deployers of certain AI systems
- Article 86 AI Act: Right to explanation of individual decision-making
Case law8 of 13
- Mousse: asking for Mr or Ms when selling a train ticket is not necessary
2025-01-09 · final, Hof van Justitie van de EU (Eerste kamer), Mousse tegen Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL) en SNCF Connect
- Noord-Nederland District Court upholds DPA fine for village livestream, reduces it to 375 euros
2025-01-09 · status not established, Rechtbank Noord-Nederland
- Interim relief judge: DPA must redact fine amount when giving an enforcement decision to complainants
2024-05-31 · status not established, Rechtbank Den Haag, voorzieningenrechter (kort geding, team handel)
- Council of State: 600,000 euro fine for wifi tracking in Enschede stays annulled
2026-07-29 · final, Raad van State, Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak
- EDPS v SRB: pseudonymised data are not always personal data for everyone, but the information duty applies from collection
2025-09-04 · final, Hof van Justitie van de EU (Eerste kamer), Europese Toezichthouder voor gegevensbescherming (EDPS) tegen Gemeenschappelijke Afwikkelingsraad (SRB)
- Overijssel District Court revokes DPA fine for wifi tracking in Enschede
2024-02-02 · final, Rechtbank Overijssel
- SCHUFA: a credit score on which third parties draw strongly is automated decision-making
2023-12-07 · final, Hof van Justitie van de EU (Eerste kamer), OQ tegen Land Hessen, met SCHUFA Holding AG als interveniënt
- EU Court of Justice in KNLTB: a purely commercial interest can be a legitimate interest
2024-10-04 · final, Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie
Guidelines8 of 12
- Guidelines 03/2026 on web scraping in the context of generative AI
2026-07-07 · under consultation, European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Opinion 28/2024 on certain data protection aspects related to the processing of personal data in the context of AI models
2024-12-17 · final, European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Guidelines on transparency under Regulation 2016/679
2018-05-25 · final, Article 29 Working Party, bekrachtigd door de European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Guidelines 1/2026 on processing of personal data for scientific research purposes
2026-04-15 · adopted, European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679
2018-05-25 · final, Article 29 Working Party, bekrachtigd door de European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Guidelines 02/2026 on Anonymisation
2026-07-07 · under consultation, European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Guidelines 4/2019 on Article 25 Data Protection by Design and by Default
2020-10-20 · final, European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
- Guidelines 05/2020 on consent under Regulation 2016/679
2020-05-04 · final, European Data Protection Board (EDPB)
Enforcement and fines8 of 13
- Experian Netherlands fined 2.7 million euros for credit scoring without legal basis or information
2025-10-16 · final, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
- Dutch DPA and tennis federation KNLTB end litigation: fine cut from 525,000 to at most 250,000 euros
2025-10-18 · status not established, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
- 600,000 euro fine for AS Watson (Kruidvat) over tracking cookies without consent
2024-05-02 · annulled, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
- 500 euro fine and penalty order for Stichting Oud Lemmer over webcam livestream
2021-07-09 · status not established, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
- Dutch DPA fines Uber 824.99 million euros for automated driver deactivation
2026-08-21 · under appeal, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
- DPA cuts Kruidvat fine to 50,000 euros on objection
2025-05-27 · status not established, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
- Ten municipalities fined a total of 250,000 euros for unlawful files on Muslim residents
2026-02-03 · final, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
- Coolblue fined 40,000 euros on objection for cookies without consent
2024-12-23 · status not established, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
Legislation in motion6 of 9
- Proposal: definition of scientific research, purpose limitation and information duty for research (Article 4(38), 5(1)(b) and 13(5) GDPR)
2025-11-19 · under negotiation, Europese Commissie
- Proposal: legitimate interest for development and operation of AI (new Article 88c GDPR)
2025-11-19 · proposal, Europese Commissie
- Proposal: no information duty in clear, non data-intensive relationships (Article 13(4) GDPR)
2025-11-19 · proposal, Europese Commissie
- Proposal: exception for biometric verification under the data subject's sole control (Article 9(2)(l) GDPR)
2025-11-19 · proposal, Europese Commissie
- Proposal: consent and objection via machine-readable browser signals (new Article 88b GDPR)
2025-11-19 · under negotiation, Europese Commissie
- Council: Irish Presidency continues with a revised compromise, Antici Group 11 September 2026
2026-09-11 · under negotiation, Raad van de Europese Unie, Iers voorzitterschap