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Praxikon
Comparisons

Comparison

Article 4 versus Article 14: literacy and human oversight

The difference

Article 4 is about the people: providers and deployers have to take measures so that their staff are sufficiently AI literate, whatever the risk level of the system. Article 14 is about the system: a high-risk AI system has to be designed so that people can genuinely oversee it.

The official source remains authoritative. This is general interpretation and not legal advice about your situation.

The fields side by side

Every row comes from the objects themselves. Where a field is empty, it says so; we do not fill in an assumption where the source is silent.

Status

Article 4, AI literacy
Applicable
Article 14, human oversight
Upcoming

Applies from

Article 4, AI literacy
2 February 2025
Article 14, human oversight
2 December 2027

Who carries the duty

Article 4, AI literacy
Deployer, Provider of an AI system
Article 14, human oversight
Provider of an AI system

Who is affected

Article 4, AI literacy
Not recorded
Article 14, human oversight
Deployer

Who supervises

Article 4, AI literacy
Not recorded
Article 14, human oversight
Not recorded

When this applies

Article 4, AI literacy
The organisation is a provider or deployer of an AI system within scope.
Article 14, human oversight
The system is high-risk; the provider builds in oversight measures, the deployer assigns oversight to competent persons.

Exceptions

Article 4, AI literacy
The provision does not require a specific individual level to be guaranteed.
Article 14, human oversight
For remote biometric identification the reinforced requirement of verification by at least two authorised persons applies (Article 14(5)), with the exceptions listed there.

First actions

Article 4, AI literacy
Take role- and context-specific AI literacy measures
Article 14, human oversight
Design and assign effective human oversight

Evidence that belongs with it

Article 4, AI literacy
AI literacy measures record
Article 14, human oversight
Oversight file per system

Control

Article 4, AI literacy
Periodic role and context review
Article 14, human oversight
Oversight test before go-live

Version and review status

Article 4, AI literacy
v2.0.0, placed against the official source
Article 14, human oversight
v1.0.0, placed against the official source
Article 4: AI literacyArticle 14: human oversight

Official sources and locators

Per side, the provisions the statements above rest on.

Article 4, AI literacy

  • Digital Omnibus on AI 2026/1744

    Locator: Amendment of Article 4; entry into force 27 July 2026

    Open official source

  • AI literacy questions and answers

    Locator: Questions on measures, formats, certificates and records

    Open official source

  • AI literacy questions and answers

    Locator: Implementation examples and evidence guidance

    Open official source

Article 14, human oversight

Referring to these two objects

Each side has its own stable identifier, version and hash. Take them separately; you cite a comparison by citing the two objects.

Referring to this object

Citation block

Copy this reference into your advice, article or file. The identifier, the version and the hash keep the statement findable later, even once the dataset has moved on.

Reference

Praxikon, "Article 4: AI literacy",
praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-4-ai-literacy@2.0.0,
dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0),
effective_at 2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z,
sha256 7a9516670dfca5dd7dcc96ae019e5714f843e20235abd3e9d92b71eb42445ff1,
https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-4-ai-literacy
(https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-4-ai-literacy&effective_at=2026-07-27&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en, accessed 2026-08-24)

Short form

praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-4-ai-literacy@2.0.0 (sha256 7a951667)

BibTeX

@misc{praxikon-eu-ai-act-obligation-article-4-ai-literacy-2-0-0,
  author       = {{Praxikon}},
  title        = {Article 4: AI literacy},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {2.0.0},
  number       = {praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-4-ai-literacy},
  howpublished = {AI Act Change \& Evidence Graph, dataset 2.1.0, schema 1.4.0},
  note         = {effective_at 2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 7a9516670dfca5dd7dcc96ae019e5714f843e20235abd3e9d92b71eb42445ff1},
  url          = {https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-4-ai-literacy},
  urldate      = {2026-08-24},
  language     = {en}
}

CSL JSON

[
  {
    "id": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-4-ai-literacy@2.0.0",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": "Article 4: AI literacy",
    "container-title": "AI Act Change & Evidence Graph",
    "publisher": "Praxikon",
    "version": "2.0.0",
    "number": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-4-ai-literacy",
    "URL": "https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-4-ai-literacy",
    "language": "en",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          8
        ]
      ]
    },
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          24
        ]
      ]
    },
    "note": "dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0; schema 1.4.0; effective_at 2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 7a9516670dfca5dd7dcc96ae019e5714f843e20235abd3e9d92b71eb42445ff1; retrieved_from https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-4-ai-literacy&effective_at=2026-07-27&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en; licence https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"
  }
]

How to verify a reference later is set out in the methodology. Terms

Referring to this object

Citation block

Copy this reference into your advice, article or file. The identifier, the version and the hash keep the statement findable later, even once the dataset has moved on.

Reference

Praxikon, "Article 14: human oversight",
praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-14-human-oversight@1.0.0,
dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0),
effective_at 2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z,
sha256 02da6ce26c5036d2cdea0842564e14a1227cd8f8e5fe5e67e15b52cd5332f98b,
https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-14-human-oversight
(https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-14-human-oversight&effective_at=2026-07-27&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en, accessed 2026-08-24)

Short form

praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-14-human-oversight@1.0.0 (sha256 02da6ce2)

BibTeX

@misc{praxikon-eu-ai-act-obligation-article-14-human-oversight-1-0-0,
  author       = {{Praxikon}},
  title        = {Article 14: human oversight},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {1.0.0},
  number       = {praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-14-human-oversight},
  howpublished = {AI Act Change \& Evidence Graph, dataset 2.1.0, schema 1.4.0},
  note         = {effective_at 2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 02da6ce26c5036d2cdea0842564e14a1227cd8f8e5fe5e67e15b52cd5332f98b},
  url          = {https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-14-human-oversight},
  urldate      = {2026-08-24},
  language     = {en}
}

CSL JSON

[
  {
    "id": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-14-human-oversight@1.0.0",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": "Article 14: human oversight",
    "container-title": "AI Act Change & Evidence Graph",
    "publisher": "Praxikon",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "number": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-14-human-oversight",
    "URL": "https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-14-human-oversight",
    "language": "en",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          8
        ]
      ]
    },
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          24
        ]
      ]
    },
    "note": "dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0; schema 1.4.0; effective_at 2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 02da6ce26c5036d2cdea0842564e14a1227cd8f8e5fe5e67e15b52cd5332f98b; retrieved_from https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-14-human-oversight&effective_at=2026-07-27&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en; licence https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"
  }
]

How to verify a reference later is set out in the methodology. Terms

Execution

Record per role who has to be able to do what

Once you know which of the two duties rests on you, the question becomes who in your organisation needs which knowledge. Praxikon does not deliver that training; LearnWize records per employee which training, guidance and assessment was completed, so the file holds up when it is asked for.

See LearnWize

Other comparisons

Unsure about your role itself rather than the duties that come with it? Work out whether you are a provider or a deployer