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Praxikon
Comparisons

Comparison

Article 53 versus Article 55: GPAI with and without systemic risk

The difference

Article 53 applies to every provider of a general-purpose AI model and covers documentation, information to downstream providers and the copyright policy. Article 55 comes on top of that once a model carries systemic risk, and then calls for model evaluation, risk mitigation, incident reporting and cybersecurity.

The official source remains authoritative. This is general interpretation and not legal advice about your situation.

The fields side by side

Every row comes from the objects themselves. Where a field is empty, it says so; we do not fill in an assumption where the source is silent.

Status

Article 53, every GPAI model
Applicable
Article 55, systemic risk
Applicable

Applies from

Article 53, every GPAI model
2 August 2025
Article 55, systemic risk
2 August 2025

Who carries the duty

Article 53, every GPAI model
Provider of a GPAI model
Article 55, systemic risk
Provider of a GPAI model

Who is affected

Article 53, every GPAI model
Not recorded
Article 55, systemic risk
Not recorded

Who supervises

Article 53, every GPAI model
Not recorded
Article 55, systemic risk
AI Office

When this applies

Article 53, every GPAI model
The party is a provider of a GPAI model placed on the Union market. For models placed on the market from 2 August 2025, the duties apply from that time. Models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 must comply by 2 August 2027.
Article 55, systemic risk
The GPAI model has high-impact capabilities, presumed above 10^25 FLOPs of cumulative training compute, or is designated by the Commission.

Exceptions

Article 53, every GPAI model
The open-source exception is limited and retains, among other things, the copyright policy and public training-content summary. Additional duties apply to models with systemic risk.
Article 55, systemic risk
The GPAI Code of Practice can, following the adequacy assessment, serve as a means to demonstrate compliance.

First actions

Article 53, every GPAI model
Maintain GPAI documentation and transparency information
Article 55, systemic risk
Perform model evaluations and risk mitigation

Evidence that belongs with it

Article 53, every GPAI model
GPAI compliance file
Article 55, systemic risk
Systemic-risk file

Control

Article 53, every GPAI model
GPAI documentation change control
Article 55, systemic risk
Compute threshold monitoring

Version and review status

Article 53, every GPAI model
v1.0.0, placed against the official source
Article 55, systemic risk
v1.0.0, placed against the official source
Article 53: GPAI model providersArticle 55: GPAI models with systemic risk

Official sources and locators

Per side, the provisions the statements above rest on.

Article 53, every GPAI model

Article 55, systemic risk

  • EU Artificial Intelligence Act 2024/1689

    Locator: Article 55(1)-(2) with Article 51 and Article 52

    Open official source

Referring to these two objects

Each side has its own stable identifier, version and hash. Take them separately; you cite a comparison by citing the two objects.

Referring to this object

Citation block

Copy this reference into your advice, article or file. The identifier, the version and the hash keep the statement findable later, even once the dataset has moved on.

Reference

Praxikon, "Article 53: GPAI model providers",
praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai@1.0.0,
dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0),
effective_at 2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z,
sha256 55f22a1c21f936ec956fc61f7db4f29defb4524294046799c13af57745cd8b36,
https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-53-gpai
(https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-53-gpai&effective_at=2025-08-02&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en, accessed 2026-08-24)

Short form

praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai@1.0.0 (sha256 55f22a1c)

BibTeX

@misc{praxikon-eu-ai-act-obligation-article-53-gpai-1-0-0,
  author       = {{Praxikon}},
  title        = {Article 53: GPAI model providers},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {1.0.0},
  number       = {praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai},
  howpublished = {AI Act Change \& Evidence Graph, dataset 2.1.0, schema 1.4.0},
  note         = {effective_at 2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 55f22a1c21f936ec956fc61f7db4f29defb4524294046799c13af57745cd8b36},
  url          = {https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-53-gpai},
  urldate      = {2026-08-24},
  language     = {en}
}

CSL JSON

[
  {
    "id": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai@1.0.0",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": "Article 53: GPAI model providers",
    "container-title": "AI Act Change & Evidence Graph",
    "publisher": "Praxikon",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "number": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-53-gpai",
    "URL": "https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-53-gpai",
    "language": "en",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          8
        ]
      ]
    },
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          24
        ]
      ]
    },
    "note": "dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0; schema 1.4.0; effective_at 2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 55f22a1c21f936ec956fc61f7db4f29defb4524294046799c13af57745cd8b36; retrieved_from https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-53-gpai&effective_at=2025-08-02&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en; licence https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"
  }
]

How to verify a reference later is set out in the methodology. Terms

Referring to this object

Citation block

Copy this reference into your advice, article or file. The identifier, the version and the hash keep the statement findable later, even once the dataset has moved on.

Reference

Praxikon, "Article 55: GPAI models with systemic risk",
praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-55-gpai-systemic-risk@1.0.0,
dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0 (schema 1.4.0),
effective_at 2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z, known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z,
sha256 112ee62609020ed4f49362f4910ee0bdb9155a472914dad7870a887141a5f589,
https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-55-gpai-systemic-risk
(https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-55-gpai-systemic-risk&effective_at=2025-08-02&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en, accessed 2026-08-24)

Short form

praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-55-gpai-systemic-risk@1.0.0 (sha256 112ee626)

BibTeX

@misc{praxikon-eu-ai-act-obligation-article-55-gpai-systemic-risk-1-0-0,
  author       = {{Praxikon}},
  title        = {Article 55: GPAI models with systemic risk},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {1.0.0},
  number       = {praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-55-gpai-systemic-risk},
  howpublished = {AI Act Change \& Evidence Graph, dataset 2.1.0, schema 1.4.0},
  note         = {effective_at 2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 112ee62609020ed4f49362f4910ee0bdb9155a472914dad7870a887141a5f589},
  url          = {https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-55-gpai-systemic-risk},
  urldate      = {2026-08-24},
  language     = {en}
}

CSL JSON

[
  {
    "id": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-55-gpai-systemic-risk@1.0.0",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": "Article 55: GPAI models with systemic risk",
    "container-title": "AI Act Change & Evidence Graph",
    "publisher": "Praxikon",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "number": "praxikon:eu:ai-act:obligation:article-55-gpai-systemic-risk",
    "URL": "https://www.praxikon.com/en/verplichtingen/article-55-gpai-systemic-risk",
    "language": "en",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          8
        ]
      ]
    },
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          8,
          24
        ]
      ]
    },
    "note": "dataset praxikon:sys:registry:dataset:ai-act-implementation-graph 2.1.0; schema 1.4.0; effective_at 2025-08-02T00:00:00.000Z; known_at 2026-08-08T00:00:00.000Z; sha256 112ee62609020ed4f49362f4910ee0bdb9155a472914dad7870a887141a5f589; retrieved_from https://www.praxikon.com/api/v1/obligations?id=praxikon%3Aeu%3Aai-act%3Aobligation%3Aarticle-55-gpai-systemic-risk&effective_at=2025-08-02&known_at=2026-08-08&lang=en; licence https://www.praxikon.com/nl/legal/terms"
  }
]

How to verify a reference later is set out in the methodology. Terms

Execution

Get from your supplier what you have to be able to show yourself

When the duty sits with another party in the chain, you need information from that party that you cannot produce yourself. Praxikon does not carry that out; Embed AI translates it into what belongs in the contract and in the supplier documentation.

See the Embed AI approach

Other comparisons

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